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doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.001
静电悬浮无容器方法测量热膨胀系数的研究
孙一宁1，2， 王飞龙1，2， 孙志斌1， 于 强1， 翟光杰1
（1. 中国科学院复杂航天系统电子信息技术重点实验室 中国科学院国家空间科学中心，北京 100190；
2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049）
摘 要：传统接触测量的方法无法对高温范围金属材料的热膨胀系数进行测量，结合静电悬浮无容器技术和图像测量方法，通过半导体激光器加热悬浮样品，在加热的过程中利用CCD采集悬浮样品的图像，采用方向梯度算法提取图像中样品的边缘，并利用球谐函数拟合样品的体积，计算得到材料在不同温度下的热膨胀系数。采用纯锆的金属材料样品进行实验，在750～1 800 ℃的温度范围内，测量得到固态样品锆的热膨胀系数随温度变化的表达式，验证该测量方法的有效性和准确度。
关键词：热膨胀系数；无容器方法；图像处理；热物性测量
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0001-04
Research on measurement of thermal expansion coefficient by electrostatic
levitation containerless method
SUN Yi’ning1，2， WANG Feilong1，2， SUN Zhibin1， YU Qiang1， ZHAI Guangjie1
（1. Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems，National Space Science
Center，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100190，China；
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100049，China）
Abstract: Traditional contact measurement methods are difficult for the measurement of thermal expansion coefficient of metal metals at high temperature. By combining with the electrostatic levitation containerless technique and the image measuring method， the thermal expansion coefficient of the material at different temperatures can be calculated and obtained by using a semiconductor laser to heat the levitation sample， using CCD to collect the images of levitation samples in the heating process， using the orientation gradient algorithm to extract the edges of samples in the images， and using the spherical harmonics to perform function fitting of the sample volume. Experiment is conducted by using metal material sample with pure zirconium， measurement is conducted in the temperature range of 750-1 800 ℃ to get the expression that the thermal expansion coefficient of solid sample zirconium changes along with the temperature， and the validity and precision of the measuring method are verified.
Keywords: thermal expansion coefficient； containerless method； image processing； thermophysical properties measurement
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.002
单滚筒底盘测功机寄生摩擦阻力测量方法研究
龚志远， 刘志雄， 欧阳爱国， 陈齐平
（华东交通大学，江西 南昌 330013）
摘 要：针对单滚筒底盘测功机寄生摩擦阻力的获取，在不同加速度下对测功机进行加载滑行，对测功机的基础惯量进行标定，然后采用空载滑行法，根据基础惯量、速度区间与滑行时间得到各测量速度点的寄生阻力值，再将其拟合成二次曲线。最后，采用等速法加载不同惯量值对曲线进行验证，结果表明：采用此方法所得出的测功机寄生阻力计算模型满足试验要求，具有较高的准确度。
关键词：单滚筒；底盘测功机；寄生阻力；基础惯量
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0005-04
Study on the measurement method of single drum chassis dynamometer
parasitic friction resistance
GONG Zhiyuan， LIU Zhixiong， OUYANG Aiguo， CHEN Qiping
（East China Jiaotong University，Nanchang 330013，China）
Abstract: In order to obtain the parasitic friction resistance of single drum chassis dynamometers， loaded sliding tests for dynamometer under different acceleration conditions was conducted and the basic inertia of the dynamometer was calibrated. Then， no-load sliding method was used to acquire the parasitic resistance at each measurement speed point according to the basic inertia， velocity section and sliding time. After that， the parasitic resistance values were fitted into a quadratic curve. Finally， the curve was verified by loading different inertia values at a constant speed. The results show that the calculation model obtained for dynamometer parasitic resistance obtained from this method can satisfy the testing requirements and has high accuracy.
Keywords: single drum； chassis dynamometer； parasitic resistance； base inertia
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.003
软岩声发射序列分形特征研究
沈 忠， 付小敏， 黄兴建， 张 昕， 宾婷婷
（成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室，四川 成都 610059）
摘 要：为研究软岩声发射序列的分形特征，在MTS815程控伺服刚性试验机上，对膏质泥岩、粉砂岩、页岩进行单轴压缩下的声发射试验。结果表明：声发射序列分形是有限度的，超过一定限度不再分形；随相空间维数m的增加，双对数图整体下移且无标度区变窄，同时关联维数D呈现出增加-稳定-发散的发展过程；3类岩石均在应力水平40%～50%时，关联维数D值最大，随后声发射活动在主破裂附近产生丛集现象，关联维数降低至较低水平；声发射分形维数的演化表现为“波动-上升-有起伏的整体下降”链式模式，同时得出损伤破裂的分形识别模式为“峰值-第2波峰”模式或称“反对号（ ）”模式。据此为岩体稳定性监测提供一种新的识别方法。
关键词：声发射；振铃计数率；分形；相空间维数；关联维数
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0009-05
Study on the fractal characteristics of acoustic emission sequence of soft rock
SHEN Zhong， FU Xiaomin， HUANG Xingjian， ZHANG Xin , BIN Tingting
（State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection，Chengdu University of
Technology，Chengdu 610059，China）
Abstract: In order to study on the fractal characteristics of acoustic emission （AE） sequence of soft rock， AE test of the gypsum mudstone， fine sandstone and shale was carried out in the MTS815 programmable servo rigidity testing machine under uniaxial compression. The results show that the fractal of AE sequence is limited， and exceeding a certain limit is no longer a fractal; with the increase of phase space dimension （m）， double logarithmic diagram move down， scale-free zone is narrowed and the correlation dimension （D） shows the development process of increase-stabilization-dispersion at the meantime; when three types of rocks are in the stress level of 40%-50%， the correlation dimension （D） is the biggest， and then the AE produce has the cluster phenomenon near the main rupture and the correlation dimension reduces to a low level; the evolution of AE fractal dimension is volatility-rose-decline with fluctuations and fractal recognition pattern of damage and destruction is “peak to the second peak” mode or called “against ture（ ）” mode. This provides a new recognition method for monitoring the stability of rock mass.
Keywords: acoustic emission； ringing counts rate； fractal； phase space dimension； correlation dimension
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.004
基于Wiener过程的GPS校准晶振型频率源守频方法
杨少尘， 胡昌华， 李红增
（火箭军工程大学控制工程系，陕西 西安 710025）
摘 要：GPS校准晶振型频率源系统接收不到GPS信号时，仅能依靠晶振自身保持较高频率标准输出。该文针对短期GPS信号丢失后晶振输出频率漂移问题，提出一种基于Wiener过程的频率漂移校正补偿方法。该方法通过建立晶振输出频率的老化特性退化模型，将温度作为加速应力引入模型参数。利用GPS信号丢失前的系统历史校准数据，采用极大似然估计法估计模型扩散参数，采用Kalman滤波方法估计模型漂移参数，进而预测晶振失锁后的频率漂移量，完成对系统输出频率的补偿校正。将该方法应用到某GPS校准晶振型频率源系统中，结果表明在GPS信号丢失后的短期内，系统的输出频率准确度能够保持在9.7×10-11，满足短期内的计量需求。
关键词：GPS校频；晶振；频率漂移；Wiener过程
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0014-05
Timekeeping method for frequency sources calibrated by GPS
based on Wiener progress
YANG Shaochen， HU Changhua， LI Hongzeng
（Dept. of Control Engineering，the Second Artillery Engineering University，Xi’an 710025，China）
Abstract: The GPS calibrating crystal oscillator frequency source system can only rely on the crystal oscillator to keep the output at a high standard after GPS signals are lost. In this paper， an algorithm of maintaining frequency source punctuality based on Wiener process is proposed to correct and compensate for the output frequency drift of the crystal oscillator. Through analysis of historical calibrating data， an output frequency drift model was established with temperature and aging characteristics. Maximum likelihood estimation was applied to estimate the diffusion parameters of the model and Kalman filtering method was used to estimate its drift parameters. Furthermore， the output frequency drift in real time was predicted and the frequency of the system was compensated. The proposed method was applied to a GPS calibrating crystal oscillator frequency source system， and the results show that it can maintain the output precision of frequency at a degree as high as 9.7×10-11 after GPS signals are lost.
Keywords: GPS calibrating frequency； crystal oscillator； frequency drift； Wiener process
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.005
对JJG 229检定规程检定方法差错的实验验证
付志勇1， 廖 艳1， 陈桂生1， 刘旭栋2， 朱育红1， 赵 晶1
（1. 中国测试技术研究院，四川 成都 610021； 2. 中国人民解放军第5719工厂，四川 彭州 611936）
摘 要：依据JJG 229——2010《工业铂、铜热电阻》检定规程规定的条件和方法，采用两支标称电阻值（Rtp）为25 Ω的标准铂电阻温度计作标准，多支Pt100型工业铂热电阻作被检样品，两个不同准确度的测量仪器，完成两种检定方法比较试验。试验时标准器分别用自测Rtp值和上级证书值，用比较法完成对工业铂热电阻的检定。从结果可以看出：用自测标准Rtp值检定，增加的结果偏差是用上级证书值的5倍以上，表明标准器由从本级标准装置赋值开展检定是不科学的，其效果可能南辕北辙。
关键词：温度计量；检定规程；热电阻；标准铂电阻；水三相点；误差
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0019-04
Experimental validation for error verification method in JJG 229
verification regulation
FU Zhiyong1， LIAO Yan1， CHEN Guisheng1， LIU Xudong2， ZHU Yuhong1， ZHAO Jing1
（1. National Institute of Measurement and Testing Techology，Chengdu 610021，China；
2. PLA No.5719 Factory，Pengzhou 611936，China）
Abstract: According to the conditions and methods of the verification regulation JJG 229——2010 for industrial platinum thermal resistance， a comparative test was performed for two verification methods with 2 standard platinum resistance thermometers with 25 Ω（Rtp） nominal resistance value as regulator， several industrial Pt100 platinum resistances as test samples， and 2 measuring instruments of different accuracy ratings. In the test， the regulator with self-test Rtp value and higher certificate value was applied to complete the verification of industrial platinum resistance based on comparison method. The results obtained from the instrument used in the test indicate that the error increased from the verification with the self-test standard Rtp value is more than five times that of the higher certificate value， which proves that regulator assigned by the equipment at the same level to carry out verification is unscientific and its effect may be poles apart.
Keywords: temperature metrology； verification regulations； resistance thermometer； standard platinum resistance thermometer； triple point of water； error
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.006
VMAT中射野间角度间隔对剂量验证的影响
赖佳路， 马超琼， 勾成俊， 吴章文， 侯 氢
（四川大学原子核科学技术研究所 辐射物理及技术教育部重点实验室，四川 成都 610064）
摘 要：针对容积旋转调强放疗计划系统的剂量精度验证问题，考察剂量计算中照射弧的离散化处理对剂量验证的影响。通过改变模拟射野随机架角的变化关系并结合γ因子分析，结果表明：当射野形状随机架角变化缓慢时，增大离散间隔，主要对低剂量区的剂量分布有明显影响，90%剂量检验通过率容易达到；当射野形状随机架角变化快时，增大离散间隔对低剂量和高剂量区的剂量分布都有明显影响，剂量检验通过率明显降低，此时照射弧的离散化角度间隔应不大于4°，才能获得较满意的剂量检验通过率。另外，剂量检验通过率与模体几何和旋转调强的等中心位置的选取没有明显的依赖性。
关键词：容积旋转调强；角度间隔；等中心；剂量分布；剂量评估
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0023-06
Influence of VMAT’s field angle clearance on dose verification
LAI Jialu， MA Chaoqiong， GOU Chengjun， WU Zhangwen， HOU Qing
（Key Lab of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education，Institute of Nuclear Science
and Technology，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610064，China）
Abstract: The influence of discretization treatment of irradiation arc in the dose calculation is inspected in allusion to the problem on verification of dose precision in the radiation treatment planning system of volumetric modulated arc therapy（VMAT）. By changing the variable relationship of simulated field along with the gantry angle and combining with factor analysis， it discovers that when the variation of the field shape is moderate， the discretization clearance is enlarged， which has obvious influence on low-dosage area mainly， and passing rate of dose verification is easy to reach 90%. When the variation of the field shape is fast along with the gantry angle， enlargement of discretization clearance has obvious influence on both the low-dose and high-dose areas， and passing rate of dose verification is reduced obviously. Under such circumstances， discretization angle clearance of irradiation arc shall not be greater than 4°， and then satisfied passing rate of dose verification can be acquired. In addition， passing rate of dose verification weakly depends on the phantom geometry and the VMAT isocenter location.
Keywords: VMAT； angle clearance； isocenter； dose distributions； dose evaluation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.007
热探针测定装置参数实验研究
牛 凯， 晋 华， 张永波， 郑 强， 张春一
（太原理工大学，山西 太原 030024）
摘 要：针对线热源理论自制的热探针在实际测定导热系数过程中所得结果受实验参数影响显著的问题，该文对加热时间、电压、试样直径3个实验参数展开研究，在不同的装置参数下测定乙二醇的导热系数，以探究三者对导热系数测定结果的影响及参数选取的最优区间。实验结果表明：热探针的最佳加热时间为40~60 s，最佳电压为1~2 V；电压＜2 V时可忽略试样直径对测定结果的影响；实验过程温度变化＜5 ℃时可显著降低试样对流引起的实验误差。研究结果可为热探针测定导热系数参数的选取提供可靠的数据参考，所得规律能有效降低热探针测定导热系数的误差。
关键词：导热系数；热探针；加热时间；电压；试样直径
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0029-04
Parameter experiment for thermal probe measuring apparatus
NIU Kai， JIN Hua， ZHANG Yongbo， ZHENG Qiang， ZHANG Chunyi
（Taiyuan University of Technology，Taiyuan 030024，China）
Abstract: Thermal probes have been widely used in liquid and granular materials. However， in actual measurement processes， the measurement results are significantly influenced by the experimental parameters of thermal probes made with the theory of linear heat source theory. Three experimental parameters， i.e.， heating time， voltage and sample diameters， are studied in this paper. The heat conductivity coefficient of ethylene glycol is determined to explore how the above-stated three parameters influence the measured heat conductivity coefficient and the optimal parameter selection interval. The experimental results indicate that the optimal heating time is 40 s-60 s and the optimal input voltage is 1 V-2 V. When the voltage is below 2 V， the influence can be ignored. The experimental error reduces obviously when the temperature change is less than 5°C during the experiment. This study has provided a reliable data reference for the measurement parameters of thermal probes and the measurement errors in heat conductivity coefficient of thermal probes can be slumped with the regularity obtained from the study.
Keywords: heat conductivity coefficient； thermal probe； heating time； voltage； sample diameter
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.008
CFD流动调整器性能评价方法研究
万 勇1， 陈国宇2， 冯良锋1， 刘桂雄2， 黄乔蔚2
（1. 广州能源检测研究院，广东 广州 510170； 2. 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，广东 广州 510640）
摘 要：针对当前流动调整器性能评价依赖于具体管道系统，无法及时反馈、改进调整器结构等问题，提出一种基于CFD仿真技术的流动调整器性能评价方法。首先，建立流动调整器评价方法坐标系，并求解出各采样点坐标；然后，推导管道截面流速场充分发展性的判断依据，进而得出流动调整器整流效果评价指标；最后，采用CFD仿真技术对栅格式流动调整器进行验证实验。结果表明：提出的评价方法能快速、有效地对栅格式调整器下游流场充分发展性进行评判，有助于分析不同雷诺数下调整器性能的变化规律，并验证当5.84×106≤Re≤5.84×108，栅格式调整器下游不规则流场达到充分发展所需最少直管长度仅为不带调整器的0.5~0.6倍，对加速流动调整器设计、推动流体能源监测具有参考价值。
关键词：流动调整器；评价方法；CFD仿真技术；流速场
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0033-04
Research on performance evaluation method for CFD-based flow conditioner
WAN Yong1， CHEN Guoyu2， FENG Liangfeng1， LIU Guixiong2， HUANG Qiaowei2
（1. Guangzhou Energy Inspection and Research Institute，Guangzhou 510170，China；
2. School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering，South China University of Technology，
Guangzhou 510640，China）
Abstract: As evaluation of the performance of flow conditioner mostly depends on the specific pipeline system， feedback cannot be provided in a timely way for the purpose of structure design improvement. As such an CFD-based evaluation method for flow conditioner is suggested. First， the evaluation coordinates for flow conditioner is established and the coordinate values of each sampling point are solved out. Next， the basis for determining the development stage of velocity distribution of pipe cross-section is derived， by which the evaluation indexes of flow conditioner rectifier performance are obtained. At last， CFD simulation technology is applied for verifying grid format flow conditioner. The results showed that， the proposed evaluation method is effective in evaluating the grid format flow conditioner’s performance quickly， helpful to analyze the function of flow conditioner’s performance on Reynolds numbers. Where 5.84×106≤Re≤5.84×108， the required straight pipe for velocity distribution downstream a grid format flow conditioner achieving full development is only 0.5-0.6 times by those without conditioner. It is of great significance to improve the flow conditioner design and to promote fluid energy monitoring.
Keywords: flow conditioner； evaluation method； simulation technique of computational fluid dynamics； velocity field
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.009
基于小波变换和改进Hilbert变换对科氏质量流量计信号处理
黄丹平1，2，3， 汪俊其1， 于少东1，2， 王 磊1
（1. 四川理工学院，四川 自贡 643000； 2. 人工智能四川省重点实验室，四川 自贡 643000；
3. 过程装备与控制工程四川省高校重点实验室，四川 自贡 643000）
摘 要：针对工程应用中现有算法处理科式质量流量计两路时变信号相位差计算准确度不高的问题，采用一种基于小波变换和改进Hilbert算法结合的方法，对其两路时变信号进行分析处理，从而快速、准确计算出两路输出信号相位差。该算法首先采用基于小波变换重构的方法对信号进行逐层滤波，滤除现场环境中各种干扰信号并保持检测正弦信号滤波后相位不变，最后应用改进Hilbert算法计算出所测两路信号实时相位差。通过实验可知：该算法可行有效，实时性强，测量准确度高，能够实现科式质量流量计的高准确度测量。
关键词：科式质量流量计；非整周期；改进的Hilbert算法；相位差
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0037-05
Signal processing of coriolis mass flow meters based on wavelet
transform and improved Hilbert transform
HUANG Danping1，2，3， WANG Junqi1， YU Shaodong1，2， WANG Lei1
（1. Sichuan University of Science & Engineering，Zigong 643000，China；
2. Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province，Zigong 643000，China；
3. Sichuan Provincial Key Lab of Process Equipment and Control，Zigong 643000，China）
Abstract: The accurate measurement of the phase difference plays a key role in the Coriolis Mass Flow Meter. A new method based on wavelet transform and improved Hilbert algorithm is used to analyze and deal with the two signals because it is no high precision that phase difference of two signals were measured by existing algorithms in engineering application. First of all， the algorithm based on the reconstruction of the wavelet transform method is applied to filter out all kinds of interference signals in the field environment and it can keep the phase of the sinusoidal signal constant after two signals were filtered. And then the Hilbert algorithm is used to calculate the phase difference between two signals. Experiments show that improved algorithm is feasible， real time and high accuracy， and can realize the high precision measurement of the Coriolis Mass Flow Meter.
Keywords: coriolis mass flow meter； non integral period； improved Hilbert transform； phase difference
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.010
水污染监测用水中硝基苯标准样品的研制
邢书才， 田 衎， 樊 强， 高保国， 张立红
（环境保护部标准样品研究所 国家环境保护污染物计量和标准样品研究重点实验室，北京 100029）
摘 要：对水污染监测用水中硝基苯标准样品进行制备和研究。介绍样品的制备方法，包括配制试剂的验证、均匀性和稳定性检验、分析定值和测定数据的统计检验等方面。采用质量法制备，用国家标准分析方法《硝基苯还原偶氮分光光度法》对样品进行均匀性和稳定性研究，并进行不确定度评估。结果表明，硝基苯标准样品的均匀性良好，至少可稳定36个月；标准值为1.01 mg/L，相对扩展不确定度为4.0％（k=2），国家标准编号为GSB 07-3182—2014。
关键词：硝基苯；水介质；环境监测；质量控制；标准样品
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0042-04
Development of nitrobenzene standard samples in water for water pollution monitoring
XING Shucai， TIAN Kan， FAN Qiang， GAO Baoguo， ZHANG Lihong
（Institute for Environmental Reference Materials of Ministry of Environmental Protection，
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference
Materials Study，Beijing 100029，China）
Abstract: Preparation and research on nitrobenzene standard samples in the water and wastewater monitoring water are conducted. A method for preparing samples is introduced in detail， including the steps of verifying the prepared reagent， inspecting homogeneity and stability， analyzing constant value and checking the statistics of measured data. The samples are prepared by the weighting method， the homogeneity and stability of samples are researched by using national standard analysis method， Reduction Azo Spectrophotometry by Nitrobenzene， and uncertainty is evaluated. The results indicate that the nitrobenzene standard samples are featured with good homogeneity and can be stabilized for at least 36 months， with the standard value of 1.01 mg/L， relative expanded uncertainty of 4.0%（k=2）. The reference materials has been opproved as certified reference material and the appropriate serial number is GSB 07-3182-2014.
Keywords: nitrobenzene； aqueous medium； environmental monitoring； quality control； reference materials
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.011
合成天然气标准物质的原料气纯度分析
马浩淼， 吴 海， 胡树国， 王德发
（中国计量科学研究院，北京 100029）
摘 要：利用称量法对天然气标准物质进行定值时，需要获得各原料气的纯度，以建立定值结果的计量溯源性。采用高纯氦气将纯气样品稀释为0.01 mol/mol的二元混合气体，通过分析二元混合气中目标杂质，可以获得纯气样品中相应杂质的含量。这样可以解决色谱分析纯气样品时主峰掩盖邻近关键杂质峰的问题，并可以减小基体效应对测量结果的影响。通过分析纯气样品和稀释纯气样品相结合的方法，获得甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、异丁烷、正丁烷、新戊烷、异戊烷、正戊烷和正己烷9种原料气的纯度信息。
关键词：天然气；纯度分析；气相色谱法；二元混合气
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0046-04
Purity analysis of source gases for preparing synthetic natural gas reference materials
MA Haomiao， WU Hai， HU Shuguo， WANG Defa
（National Institute of Metrology，Beijing 100029，China）
Abstract: The purity data of the pure source gases is necessary for establishing the metrological traceability when developing synthetic natural gas reference materials by using gravimetric method. The pure source gases were diluted by using high purity helium to produce binary mixtures of around 0.01 mol/mol. The interested impurities in the binary mixtures were measured and the results were used to calculate the corresponding impurity concentrations in the pure gas sample. By using this technique， the problems caused by overlapping of impurity by the major component over GC chromatogram and by matrix effect could be resolved. Purity data of 9 alkanes including methane， ethane， propane， i-butane， n-butane， neo-pentane， i-pentane， n-pentane， and n-hexane was obtained by GC analysis of both pure gas and corresponding binary mixtures.
Keywords: natural gas； purity analysis； gas chromatography； binary mixtures
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.012
重力沉降法测定水-柴油乳化液粒径分布
刘 森， 杨 强， 卢 浩， 许 萧
（华东理工大学化学工程联合国家实验室，上海 200237）
摘 要：针对目前油包水乳化液粒径分布测试困难的问题，采用经流变系数修正后的重力沉降法对入口浓度5 000 mg/L、乳化泵转速1 800 r/min的油包水乳化液进行粒径分布测试，并利用显微镜观测法进行结果验证。对比两种方法的测试结果，重力沉降法测试结果中位粒径13 μm，粒径分布范围5～40 μm，显微镜观测法测试结果为中位直径15 μm，粒径分布范围为5～40 μm，两种方法的结果一致性较高。实验结果证明：经流变系数修正后的重力沉降法可以准确测试油包水乳化液粒径分布，且该方法测试原理简单、操作简单、测试成本小，在工业现场测试上有一定的优势。
关键词：油包水乳液；粒径分布；重力沉降法；流变系数
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0050-04
Determination of water-diesel emulsion particle size distribution by
gravity sedimentation method
LIU Sen， YANG Qiang， LU Hao， XU Xiao
（State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering，East China University of Science and Technology，
Shanghai 200237，China）
Abstract: The paper aims to discuss the issue of water-oil emulsion particle size distribution determination. Rheology-corrected gravity sedimentation method is used to test the particle size distribution of water-oil emulsion with entrance concentration of 5 000 mg/L and emulsion pump speed of 1 800 r/min， and the results are verified through microscope observation. Compared to the results of two methods， gravity sedimentation method gives the result for median diameter of 13 μm and particle size distribution range of 5-40 μm； whereas microscope observation method shows the median diameter of 15 μm and particle size distribution range of 5-40 μm. Since the results of both methods are consistent to each other， it proves that the rheology-corrected gravity sedimentation method is able to accurately determinate water-oil emulsion particle size distribution. However， the gravity sedimentation method also has some benefits for industrial application since it is easy to understand and operate and costs less.
Keywords: water-diesel emulsion； particle size distribution； gravity sedimentation method； rheological coefficient
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.013
杀菌工艺对先市酱油品质形成研究
邓 岳1， 杨 阳2， 夏白雪2， 梁鹏宽2， 郭玮瞳2， 孙 群2
（1. 四川大学轻纺与食品学院，四川 成都 610065；
2. 四川大学生命科学学院 生物资源与生态环境教育部重点实验室，四川 成都 610064）
摘 要：该文对“非物质文化遗产”先市酱油加工技艺中的杀菌工艺对产品品质的影响进行研究，运用HS-SPME-GC-MS对杀菌前后的挥发性物质进行检测分析，一共检测出83种挥发性香味物质，其中醇（11）、醛（8）、酮（10）、酸（13）、酯（18）、吡嗪（6）、酚（6）、呋喃（7）、含硫化合物（4）及其他类（2）。酱油在加热后风味物质数量减少，但挥发性物质中醇，醛，酮，吡嗪，呋喃，含硫化合物含量显著上升，酸与其他类化合物含量显著下降，表明杀菌过程对先市酱油的整体香味物质结构影响较大，并且使得酱油的香味物质结构变得更加均匀。与此同时，加热杀菌对酱油中的氨基酸态氮、氯化钠含量、没有显著性影响，但使得酱油中总酸含量显著性降低、pH显著性升高，总氮含量显著性提高。
关键词：古法酿制；先市酱油；杀菌工艺；品质特性；风味物质
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0054-06
Research on sterilization process for quality formation of Xianshi soy sauce
DENG Yue1， YANG Yang2， XIA Baixue2， LIANG Pengkuan2， GUO Weitong2， SUN Qun2
（1. College of Light Industry，Textile and Food Engineering，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610065，China
2. Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Bio-environment，College of Life Sciences，Sichuan University，
Chengdu 610064，China）
Abstract: This article shows the research on influence of sterilization process on product quality in the Xianshi soy sauce processing technology of ″intangible cultural heritage″， detection and analysis are conducted for the volatile substance before and after sterilization by means of HS-SPME-GC-MS， and 83 flavor substances are detected in total， including alcohol（11）， aldehyde（8）， ketone（10）， acid（13）， ester（18）， pyrazine（6）， phenol（6）， furan（7）， sulfur-containing compound（4） and other types（2）， wherein the number of flavor substances in the heated soy source is reduced， but the contents of alcohol， aldehyde， ketone， pyrazine， furan and sulfur-containing compound in the volatile substance are increased obviously， and the contents of acid and other compounds are reduced obviously， which shows that sterilization process has great influence on the whole structure of flavor substance in the Xianshi soy sauce， and the structure will become more even. Meanwhile， there is no significant influence on the contents of amino acid nitrogen and sodium chloride in the soy sauce， but total acid content of the soy source is decreased， pH is increased， and total nitrogen content is improved significantly.
Keywords: brewing with ancient method； Xianshi soy sauce； sterilization process； quality properties； aroma components
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.014
罗丹明B酶联免疫分析方法的建立与应用
王 琳， 王 雪， 田静秒
（北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司，北京 101200）
摘 要：建立一种用于检测罗丹明B的间接竞争酶联免疫分析方法。该方法的IC50为1.3 ng/mL，检测限为0.786 ng/g。该方法检测豆瓣酱，加标浓度5 ng/g，平均回收率为83%，加标浓度10 ng/g，平均回收率为89%；检测辣椒酱，加标浓度5 ng/g，均回收率为88%，加标浓度10 ng/g，平均回收率为104%；检测辣椒油，加标浓度5 ng/g，平均回收率为94%，加标浓度10 ng/g，平均回收率为101%；检测辣椒粉，添加浓度5 ng/g，平均回收率为82%，加标浓度10 ng/g，平均回收率为90%。该方法的平均批内差为9.0%，批间差为10.5%，与其他常见染料未见交叉反应。该方法操作简便，结果准确，适用于罗丹明B的现场大量样品快速检测。
关键词：酶联免疫分析法；罗丹明B；豆瓣酱；辣椒酱；辣椒油；辣椒粉
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0060-05
Establishment and application of enzyme-linked immuno sorbent
assay（ELISA） for Rhodamine B
WANG Lin， WANG Xue， TIAN Jingmiao
（Beijing Purkinje General Instrument Co.，Ltd.，Beijing 101200，China）
Abstract: A fast assay method of enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay （ELISA） for Rhodamine B（RhB） is established. The method is characterized into that IC50 is 1.3 ng/mL and the limit of detection is 0.786 ng/g. For the detected bean sauce by the method， its average recovery rate is 83% at the fortified concentration of 5 ng/g and 89% at the fortified concentration of 10 ng/g. For the detected chili sauce， its average recovery rate is 88% at the fortified concentration of 5 ng/g and 104% at the fortified concentration of 10 ng/g. For the detected chili oil， its average recovery rate is 94% at the fortified concentration of 5 ng/g and 101% at the fortified concentration of 10 ng/g. For the detected chili powder， its average recovery rate is 82% at the fortified concentration of 5 ng/g and 90% at the fortified concentration of 10 ng/g. The intra assay CV of the ELISA method is 9.0%， and the inter assay CV is 10.5%. The ELISA method has no cross reaction with other common dyes. The method is featured with simple and convenient operation and accurate result， and it is applicable to rapid detection of a great number of Rhodamine B samples on site.
Keywords: enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay（ELISA）； Rhodamine B； bean sauce； chili sauce； chili oil； chili powder
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.015
基于Geant4的能谱滤波分离虚拟平台研究
陈 平， 郭 蓉， 潘晋孝, 冯艳如， 于 乐
（中北大学信息探测与处理山西省重点实验室，山西 太原 030051）
摘 要：为更加真实地刻画现代工业中各种复杂物质的结构特性，运用蒙特卡罗虚拟仿真技术，基于光子计数探测器的能谱分离成像思想，提出一种基于Geant4的能谱滤波分离虚拟平台构建方案，即运用Geant4模拟X射线CT成像系统，并通过在射线发射端添加滤波片实现能谱分离，获得具有窄谱特性的不同能段的能谱，从而得到近似单能的递变能量投影序列，完成虚拟平台的搭建。此外，为进一步说明该虚拟平台的可行性，该文还仿真模拟传统多能CT的投影过程，并将二者的结果进行比较分析。研究结果表明：该虚拟平台能较为准确地构建能谱滤波分离的多谱CT过程，从而更为快速、准确地实现成分复杂的物质识别及区分。
关键词：X射线光学；能谱滤波分离；Geant4模拟；多谱CT成像
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0065-05
Study on virtual platform based on Geant4 energy spectrum filtering separation
CHEN Ping， GUO Rong， PAN Jinxiao， FENG Yanru， YU Le
（Key Laboratory of Information Detection and Processing in Shanxi，The North University of China，
Taiyuan 030051，China）
Abstract: To characterize the structural characteristics of modern industrial complex substances more realistically， the paper applies Monte Carlo virtual simulation technology to present a construction scheme of a virtual platform based on Geant4 energy spectrum filtering separation according to the energy spectrum filtering separation and imaging ideology of photonic digital detector. Namely， Geant4 is used to simulate CT imaging system of a X ray and a filtering piece is added at the transmitting terminal of the ray to realize energy spectrum filtering separation， so that a spectrum of different energy bands with narrow spectral characteristics and a graded energy projection sequence approximate to single energy can be obtained and the construction of the virtual platform will be completed. In addition， to further illustrate the feasibility of the virtual platform， the paper also simulates the projection process of traditional multi-energy CT and conducts comparative analysis on their results. The results show that the virtual platform can accurately construct the multi-spectral CT process based on spectrum filtering separation and recognize and distinguish the substances with complex components quickly and accurately.
Keywords: X-ray optics； spectrum filter separation； Geant4 simulation； multi-spectral CT image
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.016
修正声强测量系统设计及实验验证
陆益民， 纪明祥， 陈 品， 李志远
（合肥工业大学噪声振动研究所，安徽 合肥 230009）
摘 要：传统的声强测量系统价格昂贵，有限差分的存在使得测试频域受到探头间距的限制，宽频噪声需分段多次测量。根据互谱声强算法，利用采集卡、传声器和虚拟仪器技术开发出一套便捷、高效、低成本的声强测量系统，包括数据采集、系统声压灵敏度标定、相位失配标定和声强测量。针对算法中存在的有限差分误差进行修正，在半消声室中以宽带白噪声为声源，用开发的声强测量系统分析探头间距为20 mm和50 mm时探头轴线和声源传播方向夹角分别为0°、45°的修正前后声强误差。结果表明该声强测量系统有效，修正后同一探头间距测试频域得到拓展，声强准确度得到提升。
关键词：声强测量系统；修正声强；有限差分；误差分析
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0070-04
Design and experimental verification of corrected sound intensity measurement system
LU Yimin， JI Mingxiang， CHEN Pin， LI Zhiyuan
（Institute of Sound & Vibration Research，Hefei University of Technology，Hefei 230009，China）
Abstract: As the traditional sound intensity measurement system is expensive and the finite difference makes the test frequency domain be limited by probe interval and broadband noise be measured by sections in several tests， a set of convenient， efficient and low-cost sound intensity measurement system covering data acquisition， system sound pressure sensitivity calibration， phase mismatch calibration and sound intensity measurement was developed by using capture card， microphone and virtual instrument technology according to cross spectrum sound intensity algorithm. It corrects the error of finite difference in the algorithm and analyzes the error of sound intensity after and before correction when the included angle in probe axis direction and sound source transmission direction is 0° and 45° respectively（when the probe interval is 20 mm and 50 mm） with the developed sound intensity measurement system by taking the wideband white noise in semi-anechoic room as the sound source. Results show that the sound intensity measurement system is effective and after the correction， the test frequency domain at one same probe internal is expanded and the sound intensity accuracy is improved.
Keywords: sound intensity measurement system； corrected sound intensity； finite difference； error analysis
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.017
基于DDS和FPGA的数字式多脉冲激励超声检测系统设计
张 宇， 王雪梅， 倪文波
（西南交通大学机械工程学院，四川 成都 610031）
摘 要：针对现有超声波检测系统发射脉冲单一、设计复杂等不足，设计一个以现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）为核心的数字式超声检测系统。采用直接数字合成（DDS）技术，通过可编程方式控制超声波激励信号的产生。检测系统能够针对不同检测需要，灵活设置和选择不同波形、频率、脉冲宽度和脉冲数的激励信号，从而提高检测能力和适应性。试验结果表明：多脉冲激励方式能够在较低的激励电压下，获得更强的超声回波信号，实现工件内部更深范围内缺陷的有效检出。
关键词：直接数字合成；现场可编程门阵列；超声波检测；高速数据采集；多脉冲激励
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0074-06
Design of digital multi-pulse excitation ultrasonic testing system
based on DDS and FPGA
ZHANG Yu， WANG Xuemei， NI Wenbo
（School of Mechanical Engineering，Southwest Jiaotong University，Chengdu 610031，China）
Abstract: A digital ultrasound detection system based on field programmable gate array （FPGA） was designed in view of the deficiency of the current ultrasonic testing system such as single transmission pulse and complicated design. The system adopts direct digital synthesis （DDS） technology and programmable controlling method to control the generation of ultrasonic excitation signals. The excitation signals of different waveforms， frequencies， pulse widths and pulse numbers can be flexibly set and selected for different testing demands， thus improving the capability and adaptability of detection. The experiment results show that much stronger ultrasonic echo signals can be obtained at a lower excitation voltage and the defects within a deeper range of the workpiece interior can be detected through this multi-pulse excitation method.
Keywords: DDS； FPGA； ultrasonic testing； high speed data acquisition； multi-pulse excitation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.018
MIDAS/Building双塔大跨度连体建筑抗震设计
杨子胜1， 李新明1， 杨毅辉2
（1. 中原工学院，河南 郑州 450007； 2. 河南省纺织建筑设计院有限公司，河南 郑州 450007）
摘 要：双塔大跨度连体建筑结构形式及受力较为复杂，其结构安全性设计特别是抗震设计尤为重要。以某双塔大跨度连体建筑为例，基于MIDAS/Building结构分析设计系统及SATWE对整体结构进行小震反应谱分析，考虑施工模拟及P-delta影响，计算其水平及竖向地震作用，得到整体结构受力与位移参数，并进行设计验算。通过比较两种软件计算结果，可以看出该工程各项指标均符合规范要求，具有良好的抗震性能。基于计算结果，提出一些改进措施，为类似结构的计算与抗震性能分析提供参考。
关键词：双塔；大跨度连体建筑；抗震设计；小震反应谱法
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0080-05
Twin towers long-span connected building seismic design based on MIDAS/Building
YANG Zisheng1， LI Xinming1， YANG Yihui2
（1. Zhongyuan University of Technology，Zhengzhou 450007，China；
2. He’nan Textile Architecture Design Institute Co.，Zhengzhou 450007，China）
Abstract: The structure form and stress of twin towers long-span connected building is complicated. Its safety design is particularly important， especially for its seismic design. A twin towers long-span connected building is taken as an example in this paper. The design system is analyzed by MIDAS/Building and SATWE software by using small earthquake response spectrum， considering the construction simulation and the influence of P-delta， the horizontal and vertical seismic action is calculated and the structure stress and displacement parameters are proposed with design calculation checking carried out. Through comparing the calculating results by SATWE and MIDAS， the results show that the various parameters about the project are in conformity with standard requirements and the semismic property of the structure is in condition. Some suggestions are given based on the results and it can provide reference for similar projects.
Keywords: twin towers； long-span connected building； seismic design； small earthquake response spectrum method
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.019
持久载荷应力腐蚀测试系统的研发与应用
张 强1，2，3， 孔韦海1，2，3， 刘 燕1，2，3， 万 章1，2，3， 费勤楠1，2，3， 胡 盼1，2，3
（1. 合肥通用机械研究院，安徽 合肥 230031； 2. 国家压力容器与管道安全工程技术研究中心，安徽 合肥 230031；
3. 安徽省压力容器与管道安全技术省级实验室，安徽 合肥 230031）
摘 要：针对原有应力腐蚀试验设备载荷测量不准确、加载过程易产生附加弯矩等缺点，设计制造出一种基于LabVIEW的持久载荷应力腐蚀测试系统，由持久载荷应力腐蚀试验装置和数据采集系统组成。通过变更测量物理量实现试验过程中载荷的准确施加与计量，采用类似万向联轴器式的铰接连接消除加载过程中容易产生的附加弯矩。试验结果表明：该持久载荷应力腐蚀测试系统完全满足NACE TM0177——2005标准和GB/T 4157——2006标准中拉伸试验方法对试验设备的要求，利用数据采集装置实现试验数据的自动采集与试验过程的全监控，保证试验的科学性与准确性。
关键词：应力腐蚀；持久载荷；测试系统；LabVIEW
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0085-05
The study and application of sustained-load stress corrosion test system
ZHANG Qiang1，2，3， KONG Weihai1，2，3， LIU Yan1，2，3， WAN Zhang1，2，3， FEI Qinnan1，2，3， HU Pan1，2，3
（1. Hefei General Machinery Research Institute，Hefei 230031，China；
2. National Safety Engineering Technology Research Center for Pressure Vessels and Pipelines，
Hefei 230031，China；
3. Anhui Safety Engineering Technology Laboratory for Pressure Vessels and Pipelines，Hefei 230031，China）
Abstract: A new sustained-load stress corrosion test system based on LabVIEW was designed and manufactured to overcome the disadvantages of old stress corrosion test equipment， such as load measurement inaccuracies and easy to produce additional bending moment. It was comprised of sustained-load stress corrosion test equipment and data acquisition system. The equipment achieved the accurate measurement of the load by changing the measured physical quantity， and the hinge joint which is similar to universal coupling is used to eliminate the additional bending moment during loading. Tests indicated that the system was completely in accordance with the requirements of tensile testing method on test equipment in NACE TM0177——2005 and GB/T 4157——2006 standard， and the data acquisition device realized the test data automatic acquisition and full monitoring of testing process， which ensure the scientificity and accuracy of the test.
Keywords: stress corrosion； sustained-load； test system； LabVIEW
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.020
噪声统计特性LMD滚动轴承故障诊断
王建国， 祁映强， 杨 斌
（内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院，内蒙古 包头 014010）
摘 要：工程实际中测得的滚动轴承信号往往含有大量的噪声，这使得轴承故障特征淹没在噪声中难以被提取。针对这一问题，提出一种基于随机噪声统计特性与局部均值分解（local mean decomposition，LMD）理论相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先，利用LMD将原信号分解，得到若干乘积函数（production function，PF）分量；其次，将第一阶PF分量随机排序，与剩余PF分量相加；然后，对第2步进行P次循环，求平均；最后，把第3步得到的信号作为原信号，重复第1、2步Q次，对得到的信号进行频谱分析，提取故障特征。通过对仿真信号和实验台轴承实验信号进行分析研究表明，该方法可准确诊断滚动轴承元件故障，具有有效性。
关键词：局部均值分解；噪声统计特性；滚动轴承；故障诊断
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0090-05
Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on LMD statistical characteristics of noise
WANG Jianguo， QI Yingqiang， YANG Bin
（School of Mechanical Engineering，Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology，
Baotou 014010，China）
Abstract: In engineering practice， the signal of rolling bearings often contains a lot of noise， which makes the bearing fault characteristics would be flooded in noise and difficult to be extracted. In order to solve this problem， this paper proposed a new fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing， which based on the statistical properties of the random noise and the theory of local mean decomposition（LMD）. Firstly， LMD method is used to decompose the signal with noise into some PF components； Secondly， after random sorting the first order PF component， add it with the residual components； Thirdly， to loop P times on the second step and then mean it; Finally， take the obtained signal of the third step as the original signal， repeat Q times of the first and second step respectively， apply the frequency spectrum analysis to the resulting signals and extract the fault feature. The proposed method is applied to simulated signal and rolling bearing fault diagnosis. The results show that the fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing based on LMD of statistical characteristics of noise accurately diagnose the fault of rolling bearing， and have proved the effectiveness of the method.
Keywords: local mean decomposition； statistical characteristics of noise； rolling bearing； fault diagnosis
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.021
竞争失效产品步降加速试验优化设计研究
罗 赓1， 穆希辉2， 牛跃听2， 杜峰坡2， 陈建华1， 王 琦1
（1. 军械工程学院，河北 石家庄 050003； 2. 军械技术研究所，河北 石家庄 050003）
摘 要：针对解析方法难以得到竞争失效产品步降加速试验最优方案和仿真法仿真规模大的难题，该文提出一种基于BP神经网络拟合的竞争失效产品步降加速试验优化方法。采用Monte-Carlo对加速试验进行模拟仿真，以最佳应力水平和试样分配比例为设计变量，以正常应力水平下各失效机理的对数特征寿命渐近方差作为目标函数，建立竞争失效产品步降加速试验优化设计模型。通过仿真实例，验证该方法有效可行。
关键词：竞争失效；加速试验；优化设计；步降应力；BP神经网络；蒙特卡洛仿真
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0095-05
Study on optimal design of step-down-stress accelerated life
test of competing risk products
LUO Geng1， MU Xihui2， NIU Yueting2， DU Fengpo2， CHEN Jianhua1， WANG Qi1
（1. Ordnance Engineering College，Shijiazhuang 050003，China；
2. Ordnance Technological Research Institute，Shijiazhuang 050003，China）
Abstract: Aiming at the problems including great difficulty of finding out the optimal plan for the step-down-stress accelerated life test of competing risk products and large simulation scale with the simulation method， the paper puts forward an optimization method for the step-down-stress accelerated life test of competing risk products based on BP neural network fitting. The method applies Monte-Carlo to have an analog simulation for the accelerated life test and establishes a model for the optimal design of step-down-stress accelerated life test of competing risk products by taking the optimal stress level and sample distribution proportion as design variables and the asymptotic variance of logarithmic characteristic life of failure mechanisms under normal stress level as objective function. The effectiveness and feasibility of the method are verified through case simulation.
Keywords: competing failure； accelerated life test； optimal design； step-down-stress； BP neural network； Monte-Carlo simulation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.022
轮胎激光散斑干涉相位条纹图局域多方向频域滤波方法
钟 浩1， 刘桂雄1， 陈冬雪1， 彭艳华1， 曾启林2
（1． 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，广东 广州 510640； 2. 广州华工百川科技有限公司，广东 广州 510640）
摘 要：为解决激光数字剪切散斑干涉技术应用于轮胎缺陷检测中，轮胎缺陷相位条纹图中噪声对包裹相位图解包和轮胎缺陷尺寸测量产生严重影响的问题，该文通过对散斑干涉相位图的条纹特征分析，研究一种根据条纹密度将相位图划分成不同滤波区域进行多方向频域滤波的方法。实验结果表明：在两组模拟的相位图滤波实验中，局域多方向滤波方法的相位误差均值Pmean和相位均方根误差RMS都比正余弦滤波方法、多方向频域滤波方法要小，滤波结果更接近真值；在第3组滤波实验中，局域多方向频域滤波方法的残差点数分别是正余弦滤波方法、多方向频域滤波方法的11.39%、56.25%，体现出较好的滤波特性。
关键词：轮胎；剪切散斑干涉；相位图；局域；多方向；频域滤波
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0100-04
Local multidirectional frequency domain filtering for tire phase fringe
patterns of laser speckle pattern interferometry
ZHONG Hao1， LIU Guixiong1， CHEN Dongxue1， PENG Yanhua1， ZENG Qilin2
（1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering，South China University of Technology，
Guangzhou 510640，China；
2. Guangzhou SCUT Bestry Technology Co.，Ltd.，Guangzhou 510640，China）
Abstract: Noises in the phase fringe pattern of a laser digital shearing speckle interferometer disturb significantly the phase unwrapping accuracy and defect size measurement of tires. In this paper, a method dividing the phase pattern into different filtering zones for multidirectional frequency domain filtering was introduced according to the fringe density. The method could filter out most of the noise and better preserve the edge information. Experimental results show that the mean phase error Pmean and the root mean square（RMS） of the local multidirectional low-pass frequency domain filtering are both smaller than these of the sin/cos method and the multidirectional low-pass frequency domain filtering, and much closer to the truth value. In the third set of filtering experiment, the residues of the local method were 11.39% and 56.25% respectively the residues of the other two methods.
Keywords: tire； shear speckle interferometer； phase patterns； local； multi direction； frequency domain filter
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.023
基于模糊理论的4WID电动轮汽车横向稳定性控制研究
刘秋生1， 徐延海1，2， 谭妍玮1， 吴晓建3
（1. 西华大学汽车与交通学院，四川 成都 610039； 2. 汽车测控与安全四川省重点实验室，四川 成都 610039；
3. 湖南大学汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室，湖南 长沙 410082）
摘 要：为充分利用四轮独立驱动（4WID）电动轮汽车各轮驱动电机转矩独立可控及调节迅速的特点，对其横向稳定性控制问题进行研究。以车辆动力学理论为基础，基于动态仿真平台Matlab/Simulink建立包含“魔术公式”轮胎模型以及电机控制模型在内的九自由度整车闭环动力学系统。利用分层思想，上层运用模糊控制理论，分别设计以车身横摆角速度和质心侧偏角为控制变量的模糊控制器，并采用“当质心侧偏角较小时以理想横摆角速度跟踪控制为主，当质心侧偏角较大时以抑制质心侧偏角过大为主”的耦合协调控制策略产生所需附加主动横摆力矩。根据附加横摆力矩的大小，在下层分配设定一个阈值判断模块，通过判定选取效率车轮“差值驱动”及“差值驱动+差动制动相结合”的四轮驱动/制动协同分配模式来产生附加横摆力矩的方法对汽车失稳状态进行主动干预，最后在汽车典型的试验工况下进行稳定性控制的仿真测试。结果表明：采用的控制系统能够将质心侧偏角控制在稳定范围内，并能够很好地跟踪汽车的期望横摆角速度，提高电动轮汽车极限行驶工况下的横向稳定性。
关键词：4WID电动轮汽车；模糊控制理论；横向稳定性；主动横摆力矩控制
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0104-08
Study on lateral stability control of 4WID electric-wheel vehicle based on fuzzy theory
LIU Qiusheng1， XU Yanhai1，2， TAN Yanwei1， WU Xiaojian3
（1. School of Transportation and Automotive Engineering，Xihua University，Chengdu 610039，China；
2. Sichuan Key Laboratory of Automotive Control and Safety，Chengdu 610039，China；
3. The State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body，Hu’nan University，
Changsha 410082，China）
Abstract: This paper involves the study of the lateral stability control of 4WID electric-wheel vehicle to fully employ the independent controllability and rapid adjustment of each wheel’s driving motor torque. A nine-DOF dynamic closed-up vehicle system， including a “magic formula” tire model and a motor control model， was established with the theory of vehicle system dynamics and the simulation software Matlab/Simulink applied. Based on the layered method and the fuzzy control theory， the upper layer was designed with fuzzy controllers that used body yaw rate and the sideslip angle as controlled variable. The desired additional active yaw moment was produced by using the coupling and coordinated control strategy that when the sideslip angle is small， the focus is chiefly on the tracking control of the desired yaw rate; when it is large， the focus is mainly on the suppression of excessive sideslip angle. According to the desired additional yaw moment， a threshold determination module was set in the lower distribution control layer， by which the mode that an efficiency wheel combined with“differential drive” or “differential drive and differential brake” wheel drive/brake force distribution was determined and selected to generate additional yaw moment to intervene actively with vehicle instability. Finally， the simulation test of stability control was conducted under typical vehicle test conditions. The results show that the control system can confine the sideslip angle within a stability range， and at the same time can efficiently track the desired vehicle yaw rate so as to improve the lateral stability of electric-wheel vehicle in extreme driving conditions.
Keywords: 4WID electric-wheel vehicle； fuzzy control theory； lateral stability； active yaw moment control
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.024
不完全量测的变维容积卡尔曼滤波算法
张虎龙
（中国飞行试验研究院，陕西 西安 710089）
摘 要：针对不完全量测情况下的机动目标跟踪问题，提出一种变维容积卡尔曼滤波算法。首先，根据系统状态空间模型结构采用Kalman滤波-容积Kalman滤波（KF-CKF）为基本滤波器。其次，通过计算不完全量测的一阶矩和二阶统计矩，将不完全量测滤波问题转化为确定量测滤波问题，并导出相应的状态估计方法。最后，将其与变维滤波技术相结合，提出不完全量测下的变维CKF算法。计算机仿真实验表明：新算法具有很好的估计准确度，在机动目标跟踪应用中有着良好的应用前景。
关键词：目标跟踪；变维滤波；容积卡尔曼滤波；不完全量测
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0112-05
Variable dimension cubature kalman filter algorithm with incomplete measurements
ZHANG Hulong
（Chinese Flight Test Establishment，Xi’an 710089，China）
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of maneuvering target tracking with incomplete measurements， a variable dimension cubature Kalman filter algorithm is proposed. Firstly， the Kalman filter-cubature Kalman filter （KF-CKF） is adopted as a basic filter according to the state space model of tracking system. Secondly， by calculating the first and second-order statistical moments of the incomplete measurements， the state filtering with incomplete measurements is converted into the state estimating with complete measurements. Then， the corresponding state estimation method is derived. Finally， combining with variable dimension filter technology， a variable dimension CKF algorithm is presented. Computer simulations show that the new algorithm has good estimation accuracy and great application prospect of maneuvering target tracking.
Keywords: target tracking； variable dimension filter； cubature Kalman filter； incomplete measurement
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.025
基于近似CMS法及模态测试的失谐叶盘结构
动力学特性研究
张 亮， 李 欣
（辽宁工业大学机械工程与自动化学院，辽宁 锦州 121001）
摘 要：为解决工作转速下失谐叶盘结构动力学特性分析计算量大的问题，提出一种近似CMS超单元法。该方法采用先预应力子结构后整体的分析方式，分析叶盘结构在工作转速下的动力学特性。通过循环对称分析法验证该方法的分析精度。采用模态测试及有限元法识别叶片失谐参数，基于近似CMS超单元方法分析某失谐叶盘结构在工作转速下的动力学特性。结果表明：谐调叶盘结构无量纲动频相对误差最大值为3.07%，满足分析精度要求。与循环对称分析法相比，近似CMS超单元法可用于谐调或周期失谐叶盘结构在工作转速下的动力学特性分析，并且适用于任意失谐叶盘结构。
关键词：失谐叶盘结构；CMS超单元法；子结构；模态测试；动力学特性
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0117-05
Study on structural dynamics of mistuned bladed disk system based on
approximate CMS method and modal testing
ZHANG Liang， LI Xin
（Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation，Liaoning University of Technology，
Jinzhou 121001，China）
Abstract: In order to save the great computation effort for the structural dynamic characteristics analysis of mistuned bladed disk at working speed， an approximate CMS super-element method is proposed. The analysis mode from the prestressed substructure to the whole model is applied to analyze the dynamic characteristics of bladed disk system at working speed. Analysis accuracy of this method is verified by the cyclic symmetry analysis method. The mistuning parameter of blades is identified by modal testing and finite element method， and dynamic characteristics of mistuned bladed disk system at working speed are analyzed based on the approximate CMS super-element method. The results showed that the maximum relative error of dimensionless dynamic frequency of the tuned system is 3.07%， which is in conformity with the requirements of accuracy. Compared with the cyclic symmetry analysis method， this method not only can be used for the analysis of dynamic characteristics of tuned and cyclic mistuned bladed disk system at working speed， but also can be applied to the arbitrary mistuned bladed disk system.
Keywords: mistuned bladed disk system； CMS super-element method； substructure； modal testing； dynamic characteristics
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.026
TPS法导热系数测量的仿真分析
江楠竹1， 潘 江1， 王玉刚1， 王清平2
（1. 中国计量大学计量测试工程学院，浙江 杭州 310018； 2. 中石油塔里木油田分公司质量检测中心，新疆 库尔勒 841000）
摘 要：通过对Hot Disk热物性分析仪的探头建立完善的二维仿真模型，将三维实体简化，数值模拟测量TPS（瞬态平面热源）法导热系数，再使用模拟温升进行计算。将模拟计算值与Hot Disk不锈钢标样导热系数测量值进行对比，证明模拟计算结果符合TPS法原理准确度要求。并对铜及气凝胶的导热系数测量进行模拟分析，考察实际测量过程中可能存在的各种因素如空气间隙、空气对流及样品微小形变对测量结果的影响。结果表明：实际测量时应保证样品与探头紧密接触以减小空气间隙，维持测试环境稳定以降低空气对流，而样品的微小形变对测量影响可忽略不计。
关键词：导热系数；瞬态平面热源法；仿真分析；空气间隙
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0122-05
Simulation and analysis of thermal conductivity measurement with TPS method
JIANG Nanzhu1， PAN Jiang1， WANG Yugang1， WANG Qingping2
（1. College of Metrology and Measurement，China Jiliang University，Hangzhou 310018，China；
2. Measurement Center for Quality，Tarim Oilfield Company，Petro China，Korla 841000，China）
Abstract: An optimized two-dimensional simulation model which simplifying three-dimension entity for the probe of Hot Disk thermal constants analyzer was built to simulate thermal conductivity measurement with TPS （transient plane source） method. The thermal conductivity was calculated by using simulated temperature rise curve. Compared with test results of Hot Disk stainless steel guide sample thermal conductivity measurement， it shows that simulation results are in conformity with the accuracy requirements of TPS method. Some other materials such as copper and aerogel were used to analysis the thermal conductivity measurement， so as to survey the effect of air layer， air convection and minute sample deformation on measurement results during measurement. The results showed that the effect of air layer should be decreased by closely contacting the probe with the sample. A stable environment is recommended to reduce the air convection， and the effect of minute deformation could be ignored.
Keywords: thermal conductivity； transient plane source； simulation analysis； air layer
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.027
基于数值仿真与飞行试验的
弹道修正火箭弹阻力系数简易辨识
郭庆伟， 宋卫东， 王 毅， 卢志才
（军械工程学院火炮工程系，河北 石家庄 050003）
摘 要：作为单通道鸭舵控制弹道修正火箭弹研究的关键技术之一，气动系数的辨识是实现弹体飞行控制的前提与基础。该文以阻力系数简易辨识为主要研究内容，主要探讨数值仿真与飞行试验相结合对阻力系数进行辨识的方法。利用Grigen网格划分技术和Fluent流体力学仿真（CFD）相结合，获得弹道修正火箭弹的仿真气动数据；通过弹体的受力和力矩分析，建立六自由度弹道模型；根据飞行试验数据，对比分析弹道模型与仿真气动数据，对阻力系数进行修正优化。通过试验验证，经过修正的阻力系数精度得到很大提高，对于研究弹道修正弹的弹道特性规律和制导控制设计具有参考价值。
关键词：弹道修正火箭弹；数值仿真；飞行试验；系数辨识
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0127-07
Drag coefficient identification of trajectory corrected rockets based on
numerical simulation and flight test
GUO Qingwei， SONG Weidong， WANG Yi， LU Zhicai
（Department of Artillery Engineering，Ordnance Engineering College，Shijiazhuang 050003，China）
Abstract: As the critical technology of the canard-corrected rocket in single channel control， aerodynamic parameters identification is the foundation and precondition for projectile guidance. This paper focuses on drag coefficient identification and mainly involves the method of the incorporation between numerical simulation and flight test. With the contribution of Grigen gridding division technology and Fluent fluid dynamic simulation， the emulation aerodynamic parameters has been conducted. From analysis of forces and moments acting on the projectile， the six degrees of freedom dynamic model was given. The flight test data has be used to make a comparison of fight data and the simulation data and provides the optimization proposal for the drag coefficient. In the end， the demonstration tests indicate that the optimized drag coefficient has a better precision that could be provide significant reference for the projectile trajectory characteristics and the guidance law design.
Keywords: trajectory corrected rocket； numerical simulation； flight test； coefficient identification
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.028
动力总成异常振动的固有特性识别研究
孟浩东1，3， 李舜酩2， 刘天军1， 陈勇将1， 廖连莹1， 孙建中3
（1. 常州工学院机械与车辆工程学院，江苏 常州 213002； 2. 南京航空航天大学能源与动力学院，江苏 南京 210016；
3. 常柴股份有限公司，江苏 常州 213002）
摘 要：针对某SUV车柴油机动力总成在常用工作转速条件下产生异常振动的实际问题，给出改进脉冲激振法与有限元计算模态分析法相结合的方法进行不同条件下柴油机动力总成的固有特性识别研究。通过整车道路试验，发现柴油机工作转速的二阶激励激起动力总成系统共振，采用基于变时基技术的改进脉冲激振法进行整车和台架条件下动力总成的振动模态试验，结合有限元模型仿真计算，识别动力总成的固有频率和振型参数，发现飞轮壳结构是导致动力总成弯曲固有频率偏低引起系统共振的薄弱环节。根据识别结果，进行改进设计飞轮壳薄弱结构，提高动力总成系统的固有频率，消除异振。
关键词：柴油机；动力总成；异常振动；固有特性；变时基
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0134-05
Identification research of abnormal vibration for powertrain on natural characteristics
MENG Haodong1,3， LI Shunming2， LIU Tianjun1， CHEN Yongjiang1， LIAO Lianying1， SUN Jianzhong3
（1. College of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering，Changzhou Institute of Technology，
Changzhou 213002，China；
2. College of Energy and Power Engineering，Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，
Nanjing 210016，China；
3. Changchai Co.，Ltd.，Changzhou 213002，China）
Abstract: With regard to the abnormal vibration in the diesel powertrain of a SUV in normal working speed conditions， an improved pulse excitation method combined with finite element modal analysis was proposed to identify the intrinsic property of the diesel powertrain under different conditions. It is found in vehicle road test that powertrain system resonance was caused under the excitation of the second-order excitation frequency of the diesel working speed. The improved pulse excitation method based on the technique of variable time base was applied to carry out the vibration mode test for powertrain in both test beds and real vehicles. According to the simulation calculations of the finite element model， the natural frequency and vibration mode parameters of the powertrain were identified and the cause of abnormal vibration was discovered accordingly: the structure of the flywheel shell was the vulnerable spot of the powertrain that resulted in low natural bending frequency. According to the identification results， the structure of the flywheel shell was improved， whereby the natural frequency of the powertrain was increased and the abnormal vibration eliminated.
Keywords: diesel engine； powertrain； abnormal vibration； natural characteristics； variable time base
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.06.029
基于T（0，1）扭转波的管道纵向裂纹定位方法
王 伟1， 游鹏辉2， 钟力强1， 徐 俊2， 钟万里1， 曹韬宇2
（1. 广东电网有限公司电力科学研究院，广东 广州 510080； 2. 武汉大学动力与机械学院，湖北 武汉 430072）
摘 要：针对平行于管道轴线的纵向裂纹缺陷检测，分析导波激励信号的中心频率、缺陷轴向长度等因素对反射系数的综合影响。首先，建立带裂纹缺陷管道的有限元模型；根据频散曲线特征，确定形成T（0，1）扭转模态波的激励频率；其次，在低频段取3种不同的激励信号中心频率，对纵向裂纹缺陷模拟检测的数值仿真，通过改变裂纹的轴向长度，分析其对缺陷回波特征的影响。结果表明：T（0，1）扭转波检测纵向裂纹的轴向定位误差约为5%；周向反射系数最大值出现在裂纹对应的周向位置；设置中心频率为27 kHz时，回波反射系数随裂纹长度的增大，先增大后减小。通过以上分析可以得出T（0，1）扭转波对纵向裂纹轴向定位和周向定位的方法。
关键词：导波；频散；反射系数；定位
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）06-0139-06
Locating method of longitudinal crack in pipes using ultrasonic guided wave T（0，1）
WANG Wei1， YOU Penghui2， ZHONG Liqiang1， XU Jun2， ZHONG Wanli1， CAO Taoyu2
（1. Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Company，Guangzhou 510080，China；
2. College of Power and Mechanical Engineering，Wuhan University，Wuhan 430072，China）
Abstract: How the factors such as the center frequency of guided wave excitation signals and the longitudinal lengths of defects influence the reflection coefficient have been discussed and studied to examine the longitudinal crack defects in parallel to the pipe axis. First， a finite element model for pipeline with crack defects was built and the excitation frequency of T（0，1） torsion mode was determined according to the characteristics of frequency dispersion curve. Second， three kinds of center frequency excitation signals were taken at the low-frequency stage. The numerical simulation of longitudinal crack defects was conducted. The impact on flaw echo characteristics generated after changing the axial length of the crack was analyzed. The results show that the axial positioning error of T（0，1） torsion wave is about 5%； the maximum circumferential reflection coefficient appears in the circumferential position corresponding to the crack; and when the center frequency is set at 27 kHz， the echo reflection coefficient first increases and then decreases with the crack length growth. The way to determine the axial and circumferential locations of longitudinal cracks with via the T（0，1） torsion wave is thus obtained through the analysis above.
Keywords: guided wave； dispersion； reflection coefficient； location
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