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doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.001
茶叶中高氯酸盐的液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法研究
冯德建1，2， 邹 燕1，2， 史谢飞1，2， 谭和平1，2
（1. 中国测试技术研究院，四川 成都 610021； 2. 茶叶标准与检测技术四川省重点实验室，四川 成都 610021）
摘 要：针对茶叶中出现的高氯酸盐污染问题，建立液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪测定方法。样品经100 mL热水提取，于10 000 r/min下离心10 min，上清液经C18固相萃取柱净化，ZORBAX SAX色谱柱分离，以100 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液-甲醇-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱，多重反应监测（MRM），外标法定量。结果表明，高氯酸盐质量浓度在0.5~200.0 μg/L范围内与峰面积呈现良好线性关系，方法的加标回收率为98.9%～101.9%，相对标准偏差均＜6%，检出限为0.004 mg/kg，定量限为0.01 mg/kg，具有操作简单、灵敏度高、稳定性好等优点，可很好地满足茶叶中高氯酸盐的检测和质量监管需要。
关键词：茶叶；高氯酸盐；液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪；多重反应监测
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0001-04
Study on the determination of perchlorate in tea by LC-MS/MS
FENG Dejian1，2， ZOU Yan1，2， SHI Xiefei1，2， TAN Heping1，2
（1. National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology，Chengdu 610021，China；
2. Standard and Testing Technology of Tea Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province，Chengdu 610021，China）
Abstract: For the pollution of perchlorate in tea， a method is developed for the determination of perchlorate in tea by LC-MS/MS. Perchlorate in tea are extracted with 100 mL hot water. The extract is centrifugalized at 10 000 r/min for 10 min and cleaned up on C18 solidphase extraction （SPE） column. The separation of perchlorate is carried out on a ZORBAX SAX column use 100 mmol/L ammonium acetate-methanol-acetonitrile as mobile phase. The perchlorate was analyzed by LC-MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） and the extract was quantified by the external standard method. The results show that a good linearity is obtained for perchlorate concentration in the range of 0.5-200.0 μg/L， the recoveries of perchlorate ranged from 98.9% to 101.9% with RSDs of less than 6%. The detection limit and quantitation limit of perchlorate are 0.004 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg， respectively. The method is suitable for the determination and quality control of perchlorate in tea with a simple operation， high sensitivity， good repeatability and other significant advantages.
Keywords: tea； perchlorate； LC-MS/MS； MRM
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.002
获取材料应力应变关系的锥形压入新方法
刘晓坤， 蔡力勋， 陈 辉
（西南交通大学力学与工程学院 应用力学与结构安全四川省重点实验室，四川 成都 610031）
摘 要：采用自主研发的便携式压入设备，对材料平滑表面进行单调压入试验获得载荷—深度曲线，进而获得材料的单轴应力应变关系曲线。在等向强化、各向同性、单调加载条件下，基于能量原理和有限元分析提出应用双锥无卸载的压入载荷—深度曲线预测具有Hollomon律的材料应力应变关系半解析新公式。在有限元验证方面，根据不同材料的Hollomon律应力应变作为有限元本构关系条件获得的载荷—深度分析结果与压入载荷—深度关系吻合较好。在试验方面，通过压入载荷—深度曲线得到加载曲率，然后利用半解析新公式得到的材料单轴应力应变关系与单轴拉伸试验结果进行比较，结果表明新方法获取的材料应力应变关系和单轴拉伸试验结果有较好的一致性。
关键词：压入设备；应力应变关系；加载曲率；有限元仿真
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0005-04
A new conical indentation method for obtaining stress-strain relation of materials
LIU Xiaokun， CAI Lixun， CHEN Hui
（Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province，School of
Mechanics and Engineering，Southwest Jiaotong University，Chengdu 610031，China）
Abstract: A self-developed portable indentation device is to conduct monotonic indentation test on the smooth surfaces of materials to obtain load-displacement curves and then uniaxial stress-strain curves. Under hardening， isotropic and monotonic loading conditions， a semi-analytical formulawith Hollomon’s law by which the stress-strain relation of materials is predicted through the dipyramidal offload indentation load-depth curve is proposed according to the effective energy theory and finite element analysis （FEA）. In FEA verification， the analytical load-depth results are gained by using the Hollomon’s law of different materials as the constitutive relation of the finite element. In test， loading curvature is acquired from the indentation load-depth curve， and by comparison it is observed that the uniaxial stress-strain relation obtained through the new formula is identical with the results of the uniaxial tension experiment.
Keywords: indentation device； stress-strain relation； loading curvature； FEA
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.003
不同地质时期砂岩的声发射特性试验研究
沈 忠， 付小敏， 宾婷婷， 黄兴建
（成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室，四川 成都 610059）
摘 要：为研究地质时期对岩石损伤破坏的影响，在MTS815程控伺服刚性试验机上，对不同地质时期砂岩进行单轴压缩下的声发射试验。分析表明：随地质时期由旧到新，砂岩峰值强度处声发射振铃累计计数总量有明显降低的趋势；砂岩振铃计数突变点的累积突变量有上升的趋势；砂岩的破坏呈现越来越迟的特点。不同地质时期砂岩声发射振铃计数突变点处，累计突变量与振铃累计计数总量之比都保持在7.1%左右，此时应力与峰值强度之比都保持在60.0%左右，此时应变与破坏点处应变之比都保持在70.3%左右。据此，可为工程中岩体失稳与破坏的监测预报提供一定的理论基础与数据支撑。
关键词：砂岩声发射；振铃计数；应力；应变；地质时期
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0009-06
Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of sandstones in
different geological periods
SHEN Zhong， FU Xiaomin， BIN Tingting， HUANG Xingjian
（State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection，
Chengdu University of Technology，Chengdu 610059，China）
Abstract: In order to study rock damage and fractures in different geological periods， the acoustic emissions in different geological periods are tested on a MTS815 programmable servo rigidity tester under uniaxial compression. The results indicate that， along with the geological periods developing from old to new， the total accumulative ringing counts of acoustic emissions show a declining tendency in the places of sandstone peak strength， while the accumulative saltation points of sandstone ringing counts are on the rise and sandstone destruction becomes increasingly slow. At the saltation points of sandstone ringing counts in different geological periods， the ratio of accumulative saltation numbers and total accumulative ringing counts stay at about 7.1%. At the same time， the ratio of stress and peak strength remains at around 60.0% and the ratio of strain and that at failure point keeps at 70.3% or so. Therefore， the above can be regarded as theoretical basis and date support for monitoring and forecasting the instability and destruction of rock masses in engineering.
Keywords: sandstone acoustic emission； ringing count； stress； strain； geological period
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.004
GPS信号校准晶振信号频率源误差在线修正方法
宁玉磊， 胡昌华， 周志杰， 李红增， 张正新
（第二炮兵工程大学，陕西 西安 710025）
摘 要：针对GPS秒信号包含的随机抖动和较大野值、晶振因老化和温度等特性产生的频率漂移给频率校准带来误差的问题，建立GPS信号校准晶振信号频差数学模型，提出利用状态和参数联合估计的卡尔曼滤波算法对频差信号中包含的随机噪声误差进行在线修正。针对GPS秒信号中较大跳变产生的野值问题，通过对卡尔曼滤波算法中新息序列加权的方式来消除野值的影响，使系统保持高准确度的频率输出。进行数值仿真和实例验证，结果表明：将该新息序列加权卡尔曼滤波算法应用到某GPS校准晶振频率源系统中，能使系统输出频率准确度优于1.0×10-12。
关键词：GPS校频；晶振；联合估计；卡尔曼滤波；野值；新息
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0015-05
Methods for correcting error of frequency source by GPS-Clock in
calibration with crystal oscillator
NING Yulei， HU Changhua， ZHOU Zhijie， LI Hongzeng， ZHANG Zhengxin
（The Second Artillery University，Xi’an 710025，China）
Abstract: The method of using GPS second signals to calibrate crystal oscillators can achieve high-accuracy time and frequency standard. However， because of random jitter and large outliers in GPS-Clock， frequency excursion of crystal oscillators caused by aging and temperature can produce errors in frequency calibration. To solve this problem， a frequency difference model for GPS-Clock in synchronism with the crystal oscillator is proposed. To be more specific， Kalman filter algorithm， which combined with the estimation of states and parameters， is used to correct the random noise errors in frequency difference signals online. The influence of outliers formed by large jumps in GPS second signals is eliminated by weighing the new information series in Kalman filter algorithm to ensure the high-precision frequency output of the system. Numerical simulation and verification are described in this paper. The results show that the influence of the weighted new information in Kalman filter algorithm used in GPS calibration crystal oscillator frequency source system makes the output frequency accuracy of the system better than 1.0×10-12.
Keywords: GPS calibrate frequency； crystal oscillator； unite estimation； Kalman filter； outliers； new information
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.005
船体外板成型效果量化评价方法
许卓明1， 程良伦1， 周延周1， 黄 琼2， 陈宜坤2
（1. 广东工业大学自动化学院，广东 广州 510006； 2. 广州广船国际股份有限公司，广东 广州 510382）
摘 要：传统船体外板加工过程中，钢板形状由工人利用手工卡样板或样箱进行检测，单纯依靠工人的经验主观评价成型效果，存在评价标准不规范以及评价稳定性较差的问题，为此提出船体外板曲面成型效果量化评价方法。该方法首先利用相同的坐标变换算法，对目标模型和钢板点云数据进行处理，使得目标肋骨线和钢板肋骨线能够在同一坐标系中综合分析。然后拟合每条肋骨线的最小二乘曲线，求取肋骨线关键点在该曲线表示下的曲率。最后对比分析目标肋骨线和钢板肋骨线的曲率分布情况，计算成型效果系数。通过广船国际船体外板加工过程的实际应用，表明该算法能够利用肋骨线代替点云数据描述钢板特征，综合分析肋骨线关键点的曲率信息，获得成型效果实现量化评价。
关键词：船体钢板；点云数据；坐标变换；最小二乘法；量化评价
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0020-05
Quantitative evaluation method of hull plate formation
XU Zhuoming1， CHENG Lianglun1， ZHOU Yanzhou1， HUANG Qiong2， CHEN Yikun2
（1. Faculty of Automation，Guangdong University of Technology，Guangzhou 510006，China；
2. Guangzhou Shipyard International Company Limited，Guangzhou 510382，China）
Abstract: Generally， the shape of a steel plate is detected manually by clamping the sample board or case in hull plate processing and the machining effect is assessed by the workers’ experience， thus leading to improper evaluation criteria and poor evaluation stability. A quantitative evaluation method for hull plate formation has been proposed to solve these problems. First， the same algorithm of coordinate transformation is used to process the target model and the point cloud data of hull plates so as to ensure that the targeted frame line and the steel plate rib line could be analyzed in the same coordinates. Second， the least-squares curves of each frame line are to get the curvature of the key points on the frame line expressed by the said curve. Then， the curvature distribution of the targeted frame line and the steel plate frame line are comparatively analyzed to calculate the coefficient of the shaping effect. The practical applications in hull plate processing at Guangzhou Shipyard International Company Limited indicates that with this method the frame line instead of point clouds can be used to describe the features of hull plates and the curvature information of the key points on the frame line can be comprehensively analyzed to evaluate quantitatively the molding effect of hull plates.
Keywords: hull plate； point cloud； transformation of coordinates； least squares method； quantitative evaluation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.006
动圈式检波器的测试标定方法研究
张帅帅， 林 君， 张林行， 徐立安， 孙副津， 杜赫然
（吉林大学仪器科学与电气工程学院，吉林 长春 130061）
摘 要：依据动圈式地震检波器的互易性质，将检波器的电气特性与力学特性相结合，提出用正弦扫频激励代替传统的振动台激励来测试标定动圈式检波器特性参数的新方法。在深入分析动圈式检波器的结构、工作原理及性能特性的基础上，建立这一方法的数学模型，推导出正弦扫频激励下检波器频率响应的表达式，并得出6参数模型，然后以此为目标函数，对实测频率响应函数进行曲线拟合从而确定检波器的特性参数。理论分析及实测结果均表明：此方法稳定性好、准确度高、测试系统简单，适合检波器生产、维修、施工检测及标定使用。
关键词：地震检波器；特性参数；正弦扫频电激励；频率响应
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0025-04
Design and calibration of moving-coin geophone
ZHANG Shuaishuai， LIN Jun， ZHANG Linhang， XU Li’an， SUN Fujin， DU Heran
（College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering，Jilin University，Changchun 130061，China）
Abstract: Taking both electrical properties and mechanical properties of geophone into consideration， and according to the essential property-reciprocity， a new method for measuring and identifying characteristic parameters of moving-coin geophone was proposed， where sine sweeping signal was considered as the electric excitation instead of the traditional vibrational excitation. After thoroughly analyzing the working principle and performance characteristic of 6-parameters is obtained. Using the expression as the objective function to fit the measured amplitude-frequency curve， geophone’s characteristic parameters are then obtained. Finally， verification test is performed and factors affecting measure accuracy are analyzed. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that the presented method is suitable for production and maintenance， especially for in-situ calibration of the geophone due to its easy operation， high accuracy and good stability.
Keywords: geophone； characteristic parameter； electric sine sweeping exciting； frequency response
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.007
一种温压炸药抛洒密度的间接测量方法
杨晓虹1，2， 王黎明1，2， 迟珊珊1，2， 王含蕾1，2
（1. 中北大学信息与通信工程学院，山西 太原 030051； 2. 中北大学 信息探测与处理山西省重点实验室，山西 太原 030051）
摘 要：温压炸药在爆炸过程中的抛洒密度决定其毁伤性能，而目前尚未找到一种合适的方法对抛洒密度进行直接测量进而对炸药的毁伤性能进行评估。针对该问题，提出一种通过测量温度分布间接反映炸药抛洒密度的方法。为满足爆炸场高温、高压、迅速等恶劣条件，依据声温理论所定义的声速与温度之间的关系，提出利用声层析成像重建来测量温度分布。通过建立模型和模拟仿真验证，分别利用联合迭代重建法和最小二乘法重建并进行结果对比，得到的相对误差分别为7.2%，5.1%，5.6%，4.2%，基本达到测试准确度要求，说明该方法在研究爆炸场温度分布反映炸药抛洒密度的问题上有一定的实用性和有效性。
关键词：温压炸药；抛洒密度；温度分布；层析成像重建
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0029-04
An indirect measurement method for thermobaric explosive throwing density
YANG Xiaohong1，2， WANG Liming1，2， CHI Shanshan1，2， WANG Hanlei1，2
（1. Institute of Information and Communication Engineering，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China；
2. Institute of Signal Capturing and Processing Technology，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China）
Abstract: Throwing density in explosion process determines the damage performance of thermobaric explosive， but there are no suitable methods to measure the throwing density so as to estimate the destruction of explosive. A method that temperature distribution is measured as an indirect means to reflect the throwing density of thermobaric explosive is proposed in this paper. In order to meet the abominable conditions of high temperature， high pressure and high speed at blast fields， it is proposed to test the temperature distribution through tomography reconstruction according to the relation between acoustic velocity and temperature defined by sound-temperature theory. Simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique （SIRT） and least square method are applied for reconstruction through modeling and simulation， and the reconstruction results are compared. The errors of the two methods are 7.2%， 5.1%， 5.6% and 4.2% respectively， basically meeting the testing accuracy. This suggests that the proposed method is practical and effective in respect to the measurement of temperature distribution at blast fields to reflect the explosive throwing density.
Keywords: thermobaric explosive； throwing density； temperature distribution； tomography reconstruction
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.008
基于HHT的高压电力电缆附件局部放电分析方法
刘 凡1， 徐洋涛2， 孙茂一3， 张安安2， 何 聪2
（1. 国网四川电力科学研究院，四川 成都 610072； 2. 西南石油大学电气信息学院，四川 成都 610500；
3. 中国测试技术研究院，四川 成都 610021）
摘 要：针对高压电力电缆附件局部放电信号分析方法准确性低的问题，提出一种改进的HHT变换方法，即小波变换做预处理、HHT变换多点分析的方法，使得信号在分解变换处理后噪声能够得到有效滤除，并且能使频谱图更准确地表达信号所含频率成分；制作3种高压电力电缆附件典型缺陷模型，分别施加电压进行试验，联合多种传感器同步采集局部放电信号；采用支持向量机和极限学习机两种模式识别方法进行识别对比，证明极限学习机方法对于缺陷局部放电信号识别可靠性更高；在电缆附件缺陷类型识别的基础上，以击穿电压对比法建立电缆附件剩余寿命预估方程。
关键词：局部放电；改进的HHT；电缆附件；模式识别
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0033-05
An analysis method of partial discharge of high voltage power cable
accessories based on HHT
LIU Fan1， XU Yangtao2， SUN Maoyi3， ZHANG An’an1， HE Cong2
（1. Sichuan Electric Power Research Institute，Chengdu 610072，China；
2. School of Electrical Engineering and Information，Southwest Petroleum University，Chengdu 610500，China；
3. National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology，Chengdu 610021，China）
Abstract: An improved HHT method was proposed to improve the accuracy in analyzing partial discharge signals of high voltage power cable accessories. To be more specific， wavelet transformation is used for preprocessing and HHT for multi-point analysis. In this way， the signal noise is effectively filtered after transformation and decomposition and the frequency components contained in the signal are expressed more accurately in Hilbert spectrum. Three typical defect models for high voltage power cable accessories were established and each was applied with voltage for test. Besides， multiple sensors were used as well to collect partial discharge signals. Two pattern recognition methods namely support vector machine（SVM） and extreme learning machine （ELM） were employed to identify and compare these defect models. It is proved that ELM is more reliable in identifying the partial discharge signals of defects. Moreover， a breakdown voltage contrast method was designed to establish a predication equation for the remaining lives of cable accessories based on the recognition of defect types.
Keywords: partial discharge； improved HHT； cable accessories； pattern recognition
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.009
红外光谱法氧化石墨烯羧基官能团含量的测定
龚水水1， 光善仪3， 柯福佑1， 徐洪耀1，2
（1. 东华大学材料科学与工程学院 纤维材料改性国家重点实验室，上海 201620； 2. 东华大学分析测试中心，上海 201620；
3. 东华大学化学化工与生物工程学院，上海 201620）
摘 要：建立一种红外光谱法测定氧化石墨烯中羧基对应氧化度的方法。利用改进Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯（GO），基于苯甲酸具有类似结构的原理，采用苯甲酸作为标准物质，苯甲酸傅里叶红外光谱在1 591，1504，1 423 cm-1 3处为苯环骨架伸缩振动特征吸收峰，在1 692 cm-1处为羧基中C=O的伸缩振动特征吸收峰，而GO的傅里叶红外光谱在1 630 cm-1为类苯环架构C=C的伸缩振动，在1 730 cm-1为羧基中C=O的伸缩振动特征吸收峰，这样，可利用苯甲酸上苯环和羧基中C=O的峰面积比值与GO上C=C和羧基中C=O的峰面积比值，通过结构分析和相关公式的计算，得到氧化度的值。并且利用紫外可见光谱，X衍射光谱，拉曼光谱，以及原子力显微镜对其进行对比验证，证明红外光谱的方法可行。可为氧化石墨烯羧基氧化度的测定提供一种操作简单、行之有效的方法。
关键词：傅里叶红外光谱；氧化石墨烯（GO）；苯甲酸；羧基官能团；氧化度
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0038-07
Determination of the content of carboxyl functional groups of graphene
oxide by infrared spectroscopy
GONG Shuishui1， GUANG Shanyi3， KE Fuyou1， XU Hongyao1，2
（1. The State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials，
College of Materials Science and Engineering，Donghua University，Shanghai 201620，China；
2. Analysis and Test Center and National Authorized Computation & Attestation Centers，
Donghua University，Shanghai 201620，China；
3. College of Chemistry and Bioengineering，Donghua University，Shanghai 201620，China）
Abstract: A method for measuring oxidation degree of graphene oxide by infrared spectroscopy was designed. Graphene oxide was prepared by modified Hummers method andthen benzoic acidwas used as standard substance to measure the oxidation degree based on its analogous structure. The Fourier infrared spectrum of benzoic acid illustrated the peaks ofbenzene ring frame vibration（1 591 cm-1，
1 504 cm-1 and 1 423 cm-1） and carbonyl stretching vibration（1 692 cm-1）. The Fourier infrared spectrum of GO illustrated C=C stretching vibration（1 630 cm-1） and the characteristic absorption peaks of C=O stretching vibration （1 730 cm-1）. In this way， the ratio of C=O peak areas in benzene ring andcarboxyl on benzoic acid and the ratio of C=O peak areas in C=C and carboxyl on grapheme oxide can be used to calculate and obtain the oxidation degree via structural analysis and correlation formula. Moreover， ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy， Raman spectroscope， X-ray diffraction patterns and atomic force microscopy were also used to further verify the results. It has provedthat infrared spectroscopy is feasible and also has provideda simple and effective method to determine theoxidation degree of graphene oxide carboxyl.
Keywords: Fourier infrared spectroscopy； graphene oxide（GO）； benzoic acid； carboxyl group； oxidation degree
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.010
GC/MS法结合保留指数分析留兰香油成分
李源栋， 刘秀明， 夏建军， 党立志， 蒋举兴， 王文元， 段焰青
（云南中烟工业有限责任公司技术中心，云南 昆明 650202）
摘 要：利用GC/MS结合保留指数分析留兰香油成分, 并用峰面积归一化法计算各组分相对含量。分析并确定33个化合物，占留兰香油成分97.53％，其主要成分为香芹酮（56.19%），柠檬烯（21.26%），α-松油醇（4.81%），薄荷酮（2.12%），（Z）-二氢香芹酮（2.01%），芳樟醇（1.42%），β-蒎烯（1.46%），α-蒎烯（1.16%），3-辛醇（0.84%），莰烯（0.83%），月桂烯（0.69%）等。采用保留指数来鉴别同系物及同分异构体，提高对留兰香油成分定性准确性，研究结果可为留兰香油产品开发和应用提供理论依据。
关键词：留兰香油；气相色谱/质谱；成分；保留指数
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0045-04
Analysis of the components in spearmint oil by GC/MS combined with retention index
LI Yuandong， LIU Xiuming， XIA Jianjun， Dang Lizhi， JIANG Juxing， WANG Wenyuan， DUAN Yanqing
（Technology Center，China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.，Ltd.，Kunming 650202，China）
Abstract: The components in spearmint oil were analyzed with GC-MS and the retention index and peak area normalization method was used to calculate the relative content of each component. Thirty three chemical compounds were identified in the spearmint oil， accounting for 97.53% of all its components. The main components were carvone （56.19%）， limonene （21.26%）， α-terpineol （4.81%）， menthone （2.12%）， cis-dihydrocarvone （2.01%）， linalool （1.42%）， β-pinene （1.46%）， α-pinene （1.16%）， 3-octanol （0.84%）， cmphene （0.83%）， and myrcene （0.69%）. Cis （trans） isomers were confirmed with the retention index and the accuracy in qualitative analysis of spearmint oil components was improved. The study results have provided technical support for later development and application of spearmint oil.
Keywords: spearmint oil； GC/MS； components； retention index
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.011
柱前电化学衍生-高效液相色谱法测定水产品中
孔雀石绿及隐性孔雀石绿
胡江涛1，2， 俞凌云1， 于 刚1， 帅培强1， 张 莹3， 吴孟茹1， 张 琴1
（1. 四川出入境检验检疫局检验检疫技术中心，四川 成都 610041； 2. 食品安全检测（四川省）重点实验室，四川 成都 610041；
3. 宜宾出入境检验检疫局，四川 宜宾 644000）
摘 要：建立柱前电化学氧化-高效液相色谱测定水产品中孔雀石绿（MG）及隐性孔雀石绿（LMG）残留量的方法。试样经乙酸铵缓冲液/乙腈提取，酸性氧化铝吸附剂净化，乙腈和乙酸铵缓冲液（78∶22，ν∶ν）等度洗脱，柱前600 mV电压下LMG被氧化衍生成MG，618 nm波长检测，测定结果为总量；当电压为0 mV时，结果仅为样品中MG含量。并在各自相应浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数不低于0.996，三水平加标平均回收率为76.0%～95.0%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.7%～8.6%。方法的检出限为2.0 μg/kg，定量限为5.0 μg/kg。方法精密度、准确度和检出限等性能指标均达到兽残分析的要求，可用于水产品中的孔雀石绿及隐性孔雀石绿的检测。
关键词：柱前电化学衍生；孔雀石绿；隐性孔雀石绿；高效液相色谱
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0049-05
Etermination of malachite green and leucomalachite green residues in aquatic products
by HPLC with per-column coulometric electrochemical derivation
HU Jiangtao1，2， YU Lingyun1， YU Gang1， SHUAI Peiqiang1， ZHANG Ying3， WU Mengru1， ZHANG Qin1
（1. Sichuan Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technical Center, Chengdu 610041，China；
2. Food Safety Testing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province，Chengdu 610041，China；
3. Yibin Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau，Yibin 644000，China）
Abstract: A pre-column coulometric electrochemical derivation（PCED）-HPLC was developed to analyze the malachite Green and leucomalachite green left in aquatic products. Samples were extracted with ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile， purified with alumina-A adsorbent， and then eluted by gradient with a buffer prepared by 78 parts of acetonitrile and 22 parts of ammonium acetate. The leucomalachite green in the eluate was oxidized and derived into malachite green by a per-column coulometric electrochemical detector at 600 mV. Then， it was further detected at 618 nm to get the total amount of the two substances. When the voltage was 0 mV， the result presented the contents of malachite green in the sample. Calibration curves show a good linear relation in respective concentration range， with correlation coefficient no fewer than 0.996. The average recovery varies from 76.0% to 95.0% while the relative standard deviation （RSD） ranges from 1.7% to 8.6%. The limit of detection is 2.0 μg/kg， whereas the limit of quantitation is 5.0 μg/kg. The performance of the method such as precision， accurateness and detection limits can meet the requirements of testing of veterinary drug residues. Thus， it can be applied to detect the residues of malachite green and leucomalachite green in aquatic products.
Keywords: per-column coulometric electrochemical derivation； malachite green； leucomalachite green； high performance liquid chromatography
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.012
鳗鲡肌肉中喹诺酮类及磺胺类药物残留基体标准物质的研制
尹太坤1， 杨 方2， 刘正才2， 林永辉2
（1. 福州大学石油化工学院，福建 福州 350108； 2. 福建出入境检验检疫局检验检疫技术中心，福建 福州 350001）
摘 要：建立鳗鲡肌肉中8种喹诺酮类及磺胺类药物多残留基体标准物质的研制和定值方法。以一定浓度药浴给药，使药物在鱼体内自然代谢，从而使鳗鲡体内含有药物残留。经均质、真空包装及辐照处理后，获得一批420个独立包装的的鳗鲡肌肉样本。经均匀性和稳定性检验，由8家实验室采用液相色谱-串联质谱法对该样本进行协同定值，并进行不确定度评估。结果表明：样本中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、噁喹酸、氟甲喹、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶的特性值分别为（34.34±2.69），（19.30±1.75），（39.14±3.08），（39.86±3.88），（15.00±1.05），（46.83±4.37），（27.17±2.74），（31.65±3.73）μg/kg（k=2），均匀性及稳定性良好，适用于动物源食品中喹诺酮类、磺胺类药物检测过程的方法验证和检测结果质量控制。
关键词：基体标准物质;喹诺酮类药物；磺胺类药物；多残留；鳗鲡肌肉
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0054-06
Preparation of matrix reference material for quinolone and sulfonamide
residues in eel muscle
YIN Taikun1， YANG Fang2， LIU Zhengcai2， LIN Yonghui2
（1. School of Chemical Engineering，Fuzhou University，Fuzhou 350108，China；
2. Technology Centre of Fujian Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau，Fuzhou 350001，China）
Abstract: A methodology for preparing and certifying the reference materials of 8 kinds of quinolone and sulfonamide drugs in eel muscle was introduced. The eels were dosed with a certain concentration of drugs. The metabolism of the drugs in vivo enabled the eel muscle to contain drug residues. A batch of 420 bags of eel muscle samples were obtained through homogenation， vacuum packing and irradiation. The homogeneity and stability of the samples were strictly examined. The concentrations of each chemical constituent in the samples were collaboratively analyzed by 8 laboratories using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and their uncertainty was assessed. The results show that the characteristic values of the enrofloxacin，ciprofloxacin hydrochloride，ofloxacin， norfloxacin，oxolinic，flumequine， sulfamethazine， sulfamonomethoxine characteristics in these samples are （34.34±2.69）， （19.30±1.75）， （39.14±3.08）， （39.86±3.88）， （15.00±1.05）， （46.83±4.37）， （27.17±2.74）， （31.65±3.73）μg/kg（k=2） respectively， high in uniformity and stability. The methodology is suitable for verifying the methods in the inspection process of quinolone and sulfonamide drugs in animal-derived foodstuffs and for controlling the quality of the inspection results.
Keywords: the matrix reference material； quinolones； sulfonamides； multi residues； eel muscle
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.013
RP-HPLC法同时测定12种植物油中的3种甾醇含量
王梦丽， 冯亚男， 谢红英， 陈芙蓉， 孙嘉茵， 李宇茜， 徐小平
（四川大学华西药学院，四川 成都 610041）
摘 要：采用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）建立同时测定植物油中菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇含量的方法。 采用C8柱（250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm）为色谱柱，流动相A相为乙腈，B相为水，通过梯度洗脱方式，以流量为1 mL/min，紫外检测波长210 nm对植物油中菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇进行分离检测。结果表明，菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇的质量浓度范围分别为5.12～101.4，5.08～101.6，5.09～101.8 μg/mL时，3个甾醇的线性关系良好（线性方程分别为y=3 699x-5 454，y=4 951x+8 889，y=3 994x-3 800；相关系数r2分别为0.998 9，0.999 9，0.999 4），检测限为2.5 μg/mL，平均回收率分别为99.79%～100.6%，98.17%～99.80%以及97.76%～102.24%，进样精密度（n=6）分别为2.29%，1.66%，2.12%，重复性RSD分别为2.49%，1.78%，2.72%，稳定性RSD分别为1.95%，2.56%，2.40%。通过对12种植物油中3种甾醇含量进行同时测定，表明相对于气相色谱法（GC），采用HPLC法具有更稳定、更准确、更简便等特点，是同时检测植物油中菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇的较好方法。
关键词：植物油；菜油甾醇；豆甾醇；β-谷甾醇；反相高效液相色谱
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0060-05
Determination of three sterols in vegetable oils by RP-HPLC
WANG Mengli， FENG Ya’nan， XIE Hongying， CHEN Furong， SUN Jiayin， LI Yuqian， XU Xiaoping
（West China School of Pharmacy，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610041，China）
Abstract: A RP-HPLC method is established to determine the contents of campesterol， stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in 12 types of vegetable oil. A C8 column （250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm） is used as chromatographic column， acetonitrile was used as mobile phase A， and water as phase B for gradient elution. Three sterols are detected simultaneously under the conditions of 1 mL/min flow rate and 210 nm-detection wavelength. The results show that the concentration ranges of campesterol， stigmasterol and β-sitosterol are 5.12-101.4 μg/mL， 5.08-101.6 μg/mL and 5.09-101.8 μg/mL respectively. It indicates a good linear relationship （linear equations：y=3 699x-5 454， y=4 951x+8 889 and y=3 994x-3 800； correlation coefficients： 0.998 9， 0.999 9 and 0.999 4）. The limit of detection is 2.5 μg/mL; the recovery of the three components is 99.79%-100.6%， 98.17%-99.80% and 97.76%-102.24% respectively. Sampling precision（n=6） is 2.29%， 1.66% and 2.12%； repeatability RSD is 2.49%， 1.78% and 2.72%; and stability is 1.95%， 2.56% and 2.40%. Compared to gas chromatography， HPLC method is more accurate， more stable and much simpler. It is a better method to determine campesterol， stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in vegetable oil.
Keywords: vegetable oil； campesterol； stigmasterol； β-sitosterol； RP-HPLC
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.014
车载润滑油污染度实时检测系统设计
张 勇1， 黄健鹏1， 张 威2
（1． 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，广东 广州 510640； 2. 中国北方发动机研究所，天津 100072）
摘 要：针对润滑油严重污染会导致汽车动力设备故障的问题，设计润滑油污染度实时检测系统。采用C8051F500单片机作为主控芯片，利用光电传感器TCS3414实现润滑油污染度的实时检测。同时引入电磁塞设计，使得系统可以间接检测润滑油中金属颗粒污染度，从而评估汽车的磨损状况。试验表明，检测系统能够有效地检测润滑油中的整体污染度以及监测汽车动力设备的磨损情况。当光源电压高于6 V时，检测系统几乎不受电源电压变化的影响，具有良好的实用价值。
关键词：润滑油污染度；C8051F500单片机；光电探测器；磨损状况
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0065-05
Design of on-line lubricant contaminant detection system for automotive
ZHANG Yong1， HUANG Jianpeng1， ZHANG Wei2
（1． School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering，South China University of Technology，
Guangzhou 510640，China；
2． China North Engine Research Institute，Tianjin 100072，China）
Abstract: A real-time lubricant quality detection system is designed to reduce severe lubricant pollution that can prevent automobile power equipment from normal operation. The detection system uses a C8051F500 microchip as its main control chip， a TCS3414 photo diode to acquire lubricant pollution data， and a magnetic plug that is introduced to detect the pollution level of metal particles in lubricant so as to evaluate automobile wear conditions. Experiments show that this system can be applied to distinguish lubricant pollution levels as a whole and monitor automotive wear conditions. When LED supply power is higher than 6 V， the system is hardly influenced by the change of supply voltage. The detection system has high practical value.
Keywords: lubricant contaminant level； C8051F500 microchip； photo diode； wear condition
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.015
塑料闪烁体用于鉴别γ放射性人工核素
林 业1， 方 方1， 陈 伟1， 何剑锋2， 张君宝1， 任家富1
（1. 成都理工大学核技术与自动化工程学院，四川 成都 610059； 2. 东华理工大学软件学院，江西 南昌 330013）
摘 要：基于塑料闪烁体与γ射线的特殊作用，该文开展能量窗口法用于塑料闪烁体人工核素鉴别技术的研究。首先搭建基于塑料闪烁体的快速鉴别测量系统，使用人工放射性核素137Cs，60Co，241Am和天然放射性核素232Th 4种标准源对系统能量窗口进行刻度和计数分布实验，研究塑料闪烁体与γ射线作用时的脉冲分布和鉴别算法。在实验的基础上，使用γ总计数算法和能量窗口软件算法设计探测系统。测试结果表明：采用该算法的测量系统可以快速准确地从本底和天然放射性核素中鉴别出γ人工放射源。
关键词：塑料闪烁体；能量窗口算法；天然放射性材料；人工放射源
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0070-05
γ radioactive man-made isotopes verification based on plastic scintillator
LIN Ye1， FANG Fang1， CHEN Wei1， HE Jianfeng2， ZHANG Junbao1， REN Jiafu1
（1. College of Nuclear Technology ＆ Automation Engineering，Chengdu University of Technology，
Chengdu 610059，China；
2. College of Software Engineering，East China University of Technology，Nanchang 330013，China）
Abstract: Plastic scintillators are mostly used as gammacounters because of their poor energy resolution. However， an energy windowing（EW） algorithm can perform rough nuclide identification with the spectral occupied from it.This paper has described the setup of a plastic scintillator-based measurement system to verify γ radioactive man-made isotopes using the EW algorithm. Discriminators are calibrated with standard sources 137Cs， 60Co，241Am and naturalradioactive nuclides 232Th. Experiments are conducted to study the scale and count rate distribution of the EW window. After that，the count rate algorithm and the EW algorithm software are designed and used in PC. The results show that this system can quickly and accurately distinguish man-made radiation sources from background and naturally occurring radioactive materials.
Keywords: plastic scintillator； energy windowing algorithm； natural radioactive materials； man-made radiation source
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.016
双通道气液压力机的设计研制
张俊鑫1， 范伟军1， 王学影1， 郭 斌2
（1. 中国计量大学计量测试工程学院，浙江 杭州 310018； 2. 杭州沃镭智能科技股份有限公司，浙江 杭州 310018）
摘 要：针对汽车零部件自动化装配生产线中压装工位压力机输出压力控制精度与工作效率矛盾的问题，综合气动压力机与液压机优点，设计基于气液增压技术的双通道气液压力机。压力机动力源采用气液增压缸，气压驱动采用大通径、小通径组合供气控制方式，实现快节拍、高准确度的控制需求。结合气液增压缸工作原理设计双通道气液压力机的增压控制过程；基于PCI数据采集控制卡，设计计算机数据采集控制系统，开发LabVIEW压力机的数据采集与控制软件。搭建压力机的验证平台，实验结果表明：双通道气液压力机的输出压力最大偏差＜100 N，增压过程时间＜2 s，符合汽车零部件在线压力机的设计要求。
关键词：压力机；双通道；气液增压；装配
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0075-06
Design and development of dual-channel gas-liquid press
ZHANG Junxin1， FAN Weijun1， WANG Xueying1， GUO Bin2
（1. Institute of Precision Measurement and Control，China Jiliang University，Hangzhou 310018，China；
2. Hangzhou Wolei Intelligent Technology Co.，Ltd.，Hangzhou 310018，China）
Abstract: To make balance between control precision and control efficiency of output pressure of presses on the automatic assembling line for automobile component， a dual-channel gas-liquid press is designed with the gas-liquid supercharging technology as well as the comprehensive advantages of pneumatic presses and hydraulic machines. A gas-liquid pressurized cylinder is equipped its power source and gas drive is a combination of bigger and smaller aperture gas for fast and precise control. The pressurized control flow of the press is devised according to the working principle of the gas-liquid pressurized cylinder. Based on PCI data acquisition and control cards， a computer data acquisition and control system is developed； data acquisition and control software is designed with the LabVIEW platform； and a verification platform is set up. The experimental results indicate that the maximum deviation of output pressure is less than 100 N and the time of pressurization process is within 2 s， conforming to the design requirements of the press， and thus the method is suitable for automatically crimping auto parts.
Keywords: press； dual-channel； gas-liquid pressurized； assembly
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.017
超声水浸探伤检测闸门自动跟踪电路研究
武 刚， 杨 录， 张艳花
（中北大学信息与通信工程学院 电子测试技术国家重点实验室，山西 太原 030051）
摘 要：针对传统超声探伤应用中缺陷信号选通闸门通过硬件或程序预先设置，当缺陷信号相对闸门位置发生变化而引起系统漏检或误判的问题，设计一种高可靠性的闸门自动跟踪电路。该电路具有自动跟踪水钢界面波位置，实时调整选通闸门开启位置选择对应缺陷波的功能。通过和常规闸门电路进行对比测试，该跟踪电路性能稳定、可靠，能够自动跟踪超声检测的界面波并自动调整闸门位置对缺陷波进行探伤。经过实际检测测试：该电路能有效将检测系统中由于工件位置相对浮动而产生的漏检或误判概率降低一个数量级，为精确判伤提供可靠保障。
关键词：超声探伤；缺陷信号；自动跟踪；闸门电路
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0081-05
The design of water ultrasonic flaw detection gate automatic tracking
WU Gang， YANG Lu， ZHANG Yanhua
（National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology，College of Information and
Communication Engineering，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China）
Abstract: In the applications of conventional ultrasonic flaw detection， fault signal strobe gates are set via hardware or program beforehand. But this makes the system fail to examine flaws or misjudge it when the fault signal changes relative to the gate position. A highly reliable automatic gate tracking circuit was designed accordingly. The circuit has the function of automatically tracking water and steel wave interface positions and adjusting the open positions of strobe gates in real time to select corresponding flaw wave. The comparison test with conventional gate circuits reveals that this circuit is more stable and more reliable and can be used to automatically track the interface wave of ultrasonic testing and automatically regulate the gate position to detect flaw wave. As indicated in practical test， this circuit can reduce a magnitude order of missing probability or error probability in detection system caused by relative floating of workpiece positions， thus providing a guarantee for accurate flaw detection.
Keywords: ultrasonic testing； defect signal； automatic tracking； gate circuit
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.018
一种石墨电极缺损音频检测系统设计
李文可， 凌振宝， 王 君， 李东时， 张笑彰
（吉林大学仪器科学与电气工程学院，吉林 长春 130000）
摘 要：针对石墨电极内部缺损状况难以判断的问题，基于ARM9处理器S3C2440，研制一种石墨电极缺损音频检测系统。通过对检测到的声音进行信号处理和数据采集，以及对处理后的信号进行频谱分析，并与采集到的已知无损的石墨电极的信号频谱进行对比，得到检测结果，表明该系统可准确快速地判断石墨电极缺损情况，避免工厂通过人耳判断石墨电极好坏的弊端。
关键词：石墨电极；音频；缺损检测；S3C2440；Matlab
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0086-03
A design of audio frequency of detection technology of graphite electrode defect
LI Wenke， LING Zhenbao， WANG Jun， LI Dongshi， ZHANG Xiaozhang
（College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering，Jilin University，Changchun 130000，China）
Abstract: To solve the difficulty in determining the internal defects of graphite electrode， an audio detection system for graphite electrode was designed with the ARM9 processor S3C2440. The detected signals were put under signal processing and data acquisition. The processed signals were used for spectral analysis and at the same time compared with the signal spectrum of the acquired intact graphite electrode to obtain the detection results. The system can accurately and quickly decide whether the graphite electrode is damaged or not， thus avoiding the drawbacks that the quality of graphite electrode is judged through the workers’ ears.
Keywords: graphite electrodes； audio frequency； defect detection； S3C2440； Matlab
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.019
电磁兼容辐射骚扰样品测试桌的设计与研究
叶长青， 赵海波， 王 杰
（惠州出入境检验检疫局，广东 惠州 516006）
摘 要：为减小木质测试桌对辐射骚扰测试结果的影响，以低介电常数的聚苯乙烯颗粒为材料，设计一款高频低反射样品测试桌，参考标准GB/T 6113.104——2008测试桌影响的评估程序，搭建测试系统。使用3 m法电波暗室测试环境，在30 MHz～1 GHz和1～8 GHz两个频段对聚苯乙烯泡沫桌和木桌进行对比测试并进行数据分析，验证聚苯乙烯泡沫桌对辐射骚扰测试结果的影响。研究结果表明：测试时，应使用介电常数低、耐潮湿性、绝缘性优良和稳定性高的样品测试桌，以减小由测试桌引入的标准不确定度。该研究结论对电磁兼容领域的辐射骚扰测试、辐射杂散测试、辐射抗扰度测试具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。
关键词：电磁兼容；辐射骚扰；测试桌；介电常数；不确定度
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0089-04
The design and research of test table applied in radiated emission of
electromagnetic compatibility
YE Changqing， ZHAO Haibo， WANG Jie
（Huizhou Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau，Huizhou 516006，China）
Abstract: To decrease the influence caused by wooden test tables on the results of radiated emission measurement， a low reflective test table that is especially used in high frequency is made with low dielectric constant polystyrene. A testing system is designed as per the evaluation procedure for test table influences of standard GB/T 6113.104——2008. Comparison testing and research are done under the frequency scope of 30 MHz- 1 GHz and 1- 8 GHz in a 3- meter anechoic chamber. It turns out that the polystyrene test table has smaller influence than the wooden test table in reference to the radiated emission measurement. The experiment shows test tables characterized by low dielectric constant， moisture resistance， good insulation， and high stability should be used to reduce standard uncertainty in radiated emission measurement. The conclusions are instructive and meaningful for measuring radiated emission， spurious emission and radiated susceptibility.
Keywords: electromagnetic compatibility； radiated emission； test table； dielectric constant； uncertainty
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.020
基于峭度与IMF能量融合特征和LS-SVM的
齿轮故障诊断研究
王建国， 杨云中， 秦 波， 刘永亮
（内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院，内蒙古 包头 014010）
摘 要：针对齿轮振动信号非线性非平稳特性，为避免传统时频方法在表征设备状态时的不足，提出一种基于融合峭度与IMF能量特征和LS-SVM的齿轮故障诊断方法。首先，对齿轮振动信号在EMD分解；然后，提取包含主要故障信息的IMF分量的峭度特征和能量特征，组成融合特征向量；最后，将齿轮正常、齿根裂纹、断齿3种状态下的融合特征向量输入到LS-SVM，通过训练好的LS-SVM对齿轮状态进行分类识别。仿真实验结果表明：该方法能准确识别齿轮的工作状态，且与BP神经网络、SVM相比，有着更高的故障识别效率，可用于齿轮信号的故障诊断。
关键词：IMF分量；峭度和能量特征；最小二乘支持向量机；故障诊断
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0093-05
Gear fault diagnosis research based on kurtosis and IMF energy feature
fusion and least squares support vector machine
WANG Jianguo， YANG Yunzhong， QIN Bo， LIU Yongliang
（Mechanical Engineering School，Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology，
Baotou 014010，China）
Abstract: Gear vibration signals have nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics. To avoid the disadvantages of existing time and frequency domain methods in the characterization of equipment state， this paper has been proposed a gearbox fault diagnosis method based on kurtosis and IMF energy feature fusion and least squares support vector machine. First， the gear vibration signals were decomposed by the EMD method. Second， the IMF components which contain major fault information were extracted and their energy and kurtosis feature calculated as fusion vectors. Third， the fusion feature vectors of three teeth conditions， viz.， normal， root crack and broken， were input to the least squares support vector machine（LS-SVM） to classify and identify gearbox faults. The simulation results show that this method can accurately identify the gear working state and more efficient in fault identification compared with BP neural network and SVM. It can be used for diagnosing gear signal faults.
Keywords: IMF component； kurtosis and energy feature； LS-SVM； fault diagnosis
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.021
基于EMD的气动载荷作用下动车组横向振动提取研究
邵云龙， 陈春俊， 何洪阳
（西南交通大学机械工程学院，四川 成都 610031）
摘 要：为研究高速动车明线会车时引起其横向振动的主要原因以及分析气动载荷对于动车组运行稳定性的影响，以线路实验采集的车体表面压力与列车振动数据为基础，利用EMD分解得到振动信号的各个本征模（IMF）分量；对分解后的IMF分量进行相关性分析，利用相关性原理来重构振动信号。重构信号即为气动载荷作用下的动车组横向振动。对比分析动车组在有气动载荷与无气动载荷下的横向稳定性。结果表明：明线会车时气动载荷引起的横向振动频率主要集中在低频段0.3~10 Hz内，动车组横向振动加速度及横向平稳性的影响比只考虑轨道不平顺时要明显增大，明线会车时气动载荷是引起列车横向振动的主要原因。
关键词：动车组；横向振动；EMD分解；相关性系数
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0098-04
Study on the feature extraction of train lateral vibration under
aerodynamic loads based on EMD
SHAO Yunlong， CHEN Chunjun， HE Hongyang
（School of Mechanical Engineering of Southwest Jiaotong University，Chengdu 610031，China）
Abstract: The lateral stability of high-speed EMUs whenpassing by each other on an open track would be affected badly at the intersection by track irregularity and aerodynamic loads.To find out the causes of vibration and analyze how the aerodynamic load affects EMU stability， the method namely empirical mode decomposition （EMD） is employed to analyze and obtain each intrinsic mode function（IMF） of vibration signals based on the experimental data-collected surface pressure and vibration data of a train. The correlativity of thedecomposed IMF is analyzed and the vibration signal is restructured with the correlation theory. The reconstructed signal is the transverse vibration of the train under the action of aerodynamic loads.The lateral stability of the train with and without aerodynamic loads is comparatively analyzed. The results indicate that the frequency of transverse vibration caused by aerodynamic loads when the trains pass each other on the open track is mainly within 0.3-10 Hz， and influence ratio of lateral acceleration and lateral stability is greatly increased if only track irregularity is considered. So， it can be seen that the main reasonof transverse vibration is aerodynamic load.
Keywords: EMU； transverse vibration； EMD decomposition； correlation coefficient
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.022
ITD改进信号子空间超声检测信号去噪
李大中1， 赵 杰1， 刘建屏2， 蔡文河2， 马延会2
（1. 华北电力大学自动化系，河北 保定 071003； 2. 华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司，北京 100045）
摘 要：金属材料超声检测信号中存在的干扰噪声严重影响实际缺陷的检测精度，因此必须对采集的检测信号进行有效去噪处理。针对传统信号子空间去噪方法的不足，提出固有时间尺度分解（ITD）改进信号子空间信号增强算法的超声检测信号去噪方法，融合ITD方法和信号子空间的优势。通过现场超声检测缺陷信号数据的对比验证表明，信噪比、均方根误差和相关性等参数都比较满意，对含有有色噪声的超声检测信号去噪效果明显。
关键词：超声检测；去噪；固有时间尺度分解；信号子空间
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0102-05
Improved signal subspace method of ultrasonic test signal denoising based on ITD
LI Dazhong1， ZHAO Jie1， LIU Jianping2， CAI Wenhe2， MA Yanhui2
（1. Dept of Automation，North China Electric Power University，Baoding 071003，China；
2. North China Electric Power Research Institue Co.，Ltd.，Beijing 100045，China）
Abstract: Interfering noise in ultrasonic testing signals of steel materials has seriously affected the testing precision of actual defects. Therefore， the noise in collected testing signals must be eliminated. A noise-removing method is proposed in this paper to solve the disadvantages of traditional signal subspace based on intrinsic time-scale decomposition （ITD） improved signal subspace. It combines the strengths of the ITD method and the signal subspace. SNR， RMSE and correlation as well as other parameters are satisfactory and the colored noises of ultrasonic defect signals are largely reduced， according to the on-site contrast verification of ultrasonic testing signal data.
Keywords: ultrasonic test； denoising； intrinsic time-scale deposition； signal subspace
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.023
多颜色模型分割自学习k-NN设备状态识别方法
郭雪梅1， 刘桂雄2
（1. 广东省自动化研究所，广东 广州 510070； 2. 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，广东 广州 510641）
摘 要：在浪涌测试中，由于每次识别对象不同，直接采用特征匹配每次测试前需要根据受试设备重新训练样本。先根据图像中高亮度点、白光所占比例，决策用于图像分割的颜色模型（L*a*b*、HSL、HSV），实现自适应分割；其次，提出自学习k-NN算法，以像素数n、偏心率e、密实度比r、欧拉数E为样本S特征向量X，构建数据集T0，以欧氏距离D实现样本分类；若样本置信度为k，加入预备数据集Tz′中，当Tz′满足条件，则扩充数据集Tz形成数据集Tz+1。结果证明：算法在9组各类样本（共21 600帧图像）识别中，准确度可达98.65%；并自学习扩充5组样本，距离矩阵变化较小，可见算法学习效率、学习准确度较高。
关键词：多颜色模型；k近邻算法；自学习；浪涌测试
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0107-04
Multi-color space threshold segmentation and self-learning k-NN algorithm for
surge test EUT status identification
GUO Xuemei1， LIU Guixiong2
（1. Guangzhou Institute of Automation，Guangzhou 510070，China；
2. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering，South China University of Technology，
Guangzhou 510641，China）
Abstract: As the identification objects vary in different surge tests， new samples need to be trained for equipment under test each time when feature matching is used to identify equipment status. Therefore， multi-color space threshold segmentation and self-learning k-NN algorithm were proposed. First， color models （L*a*b*， HSL， HSV） for image segmentation were selected to realize self-adaptive division according to the proportions of high luminance points and white luminance points in the image. Second， k-NN algorithm was proposed to construct a data set T0 via a feature vector X of the sample S formed by pixel n， eccentricitye， compactness r and Euler’s numbers E， and the sample S was classified through Euclidean distance D. Third， sample confidence coefficient k was added into a preliminary data set Tz′. When Tz′ met the conditions， the data set Tz was expanded to form data set Tz+1. The results show that the accuracy is up to 98.65% after the k-NN algorithm is used to identify nine groups of different samples （totally 21 600 frames of images）， and learns to expand to five additional samples. Moreover， the changes in distance matrix are small. It is thus evident that this algorithm is high in learning efficiency and accuracy.
Keywords: multi-color space； k-nearest neighbor algorithm（k-NN）； self-learning； surge test
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.024
基于D-S证据理论的测试性分配方法研究
汤文超1， 李文海1， 罗恬颖2
（1. 海军航空工程学院，山东 烟台 264001； 2. 海军航空工程学院，山东 青岛 266041）
摘 要：针对现有测试性分配方法的不足，以及人们判断的模糊性和不确定性这两个问题，将模糊层次分析法引入测试性分配中，先求得层次单排序权重向量，进而求得层次总排序权重向量，根据总排序权重向量求得各组成单元的分配指标。针对传统模糊层次分析法在融合多个专家的评价时只是进行简单的数据相加再求平均这一不足之处，将D-S证据理论运用到融合不同专家的评价中，最后结合案例应用验证该方法的可行性。
关键词：测试性分配；模糊层次分析法；权重向量；D-S证据理论
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0111-04
Study on testability allocation method based on D-S evidence theory
TANG Wenchao1， LI Wenhai1， LUO Tianying2
（1. Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University，Yantai 264001，China；
2. Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University，Qingdao 266041，China）
Abstract: Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process（AHP） was introduced into testability allocation to solve the deficiency of the existing testability allocation method and the fuzziness and uncertainty of human judgment. First， a single-level sequencing weight vector was obtained and then a total sequencing weight vector， by which the allocation index of each component unit was calculated. The traditional fuzzy AHP has the problem that when integrating the evaluation by multiple experts it just simply adds the evaluation data together and then averages the results. So， D-S evidence theory was used to fuse different experts’ conclusions to solve this problem. Ultimately， this method was proved to be feasible in accordance with case application.
Keywords: testability allocation； fuzzy AHP； weight vector； D-S evidence theory
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.025
红外弱小目标检测背景抑制算法研究
金长江， 师廷伟
（中国电子科技集团公司第二十七研究所，河南 郑州 450047）
摘 要：复杂背景下红外小目标识别一直是红外图像处理的关键技术之一，针对复杂云背景下红外弱小目标的时域和空域特征，考虑到易于硬件实现和实时性要求，提出基于快速统计排序滤波和Robinson Guard滤波并行快速处理算法，对复杂背景进行高信噪比抑制。实验证明，该方法能够有效地提高红外弱小目标图像信噪比和复杂背景下的小目标的检测概率。
关键词：小目标检测；红外图像；背景抑制；Robinson Guard滤波器
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0115-05
Study on the algorithms for infrared small object image background suppression
JIN Changjiang， SHI Tingwei
（The 27th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation，Zhengzhou 450047，China）
Abstract: The recognition of infrared small targets in complex backgrounds is one of the key technologies for infrared image processing. In this paper， a rapid order-statistics filters and Robinson Guard filters based parallel and rapid processing algorithm is proposed according to the temporal and spatial fields of infrared small and weak targets under complicated cloud backgrounds and the requirements of hardware realization and real-time performance. It is a high SNR background suppression method. The experiment reveals that the algorithm can improve the SNR of infrared small and weak targets and enhance the probability in small target detection under complicated backgrounds.
Keywords: small object detection； infrared image； background suppression； Robinson Guard filter
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.026
TbDyFe掺杂对（Ba0.85Ca0.15）（Ti0.9Zr0.08Sn0.02）O3无铅压电
陶瓷组织与电性能的影响
姚利兰， 刘其斌， 周顺龙
（贵州大学材料与冶金学院，贵州 贵阳 550025）
摘 要：为获得BCZTS无铅压电陶瓷优良的电性能，通过对其掺杂TbDyFe，采用传统固相烧结法制备（Ba0.85Ca0.15）（Ti0.9Zr0.08Sn0.02）O3-xTbDyFe（BCZTS-xTbDyFe）无铅压电陶瓷，分析不同TbDyFe（x=0~0.4wt.%）含量对BCZTS无铅压电陶瓷微结构、压电性能、介电性能和铁电性能的影响，并利用XRD、SEM等方法分析表征样品。结果表明：所有样品均为单一的钙钛矿结构；掺杂TbDyFe后陶瓷的晶粒尺寸变小。由介电温谱可知，掺杂TbDyFe后BCZTS体系出现介电弛豫行为。当掺杂x=0.1wt.%时，无铅压电陶瓷材料的综合性能优异：d33=500 pC/N，kp=40%，εr~5955，tanδ~1.9%，Pr=6.6 μC/cm2，Ec=2 kV/cm。
关键词：无铅压电陶瓷；固相烧结法；TbDyFe；压电性能
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0120-05
Effect of TbDyFe doping on microstructure and electrical properties of
（Ba0.85Ca0.15）（Ti0.9Zr0.08Sn0.02）O3 ceramics
YAO Lilan， LIU Qibin， ZHOU Shunlong
（College of Materials and Metallurgy，Guizhou University，Guiyang 550025，China）
Abstract: To obtain the superior electrical properties of BCZTS lead-free piezoelectric ceramics by doping the TbDyFe， （Ba0.85Ca0.15）（Ti0.9Zr0.08Sn0.02）O3-xTbDyFe [abbreviated as BCZTS-xTbDyFe] lead-free piezoelectric ceramics is fabricated by the conventional solid-state reaction method. The effect of TbDyFe（x=0-0.4wt.%） concentration on the microstructure， phase structure， piezoelectric properties， dielectric properties and ferroelectric properties of BCZTS ceramics are systematically investigated by means of XRD， SEM and other analytical methods. The experimental results reveal that single phase perovskite structure is obtained. The grain size of those samples decreases as the increase of TbDyFe concentration. Temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss for BCZTS-xTbDyFe ceramics shows that this system ceramic has dielectric relaxation characteristics. The ceramic with x=0.1 wt.% exhibits the optimum properties: d33= 500 pC/N，kp=40%， εr~5955，tanδ~1.9%，Pr=6.6 μC/cm2， Ec=2 kV/cm.
Keywords: lead-free piezoelectric ceramic； solid-state reaction method； TbDyFe； piezoelectric properties
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.027
某型加速度计变环境检测数据修正与寿命评估
王永南1， 穆希辉2， 牛跃听2， 杜峰坡2， 陈建华1
（1. 军械工程学院，河北 石家庄 050003； 2. 军械技术研究所，河北 石家庄 050003）
摘 要：为解决某型加速度计在变温度检测数据条件下贮存寿命评估精度不高的问题，考虑到其性能退化失效受温度影响大且检测数据有多个温度阶梯，提出基于Arrhenius模型确定环境因子并用来修正变温度检测数据的方法。首先，假设检测数据服从的分布，利用极小χ2估计与Pearson拟合优度检验确定出最优分布；根据温度差异分别求出最优分布下的模型参数，并确定出可信度最高的一组数据；将模型参数代入Arrhenius模型求得环境因子，并用其将所有检测数据折合到可信度最高的数据中，最后利用修正后的数据进行寿命预测。计算结果表明：以上方法可以有效提高加速度计贮存寿命预测的准确度，从而证明方法的可行性。
关键词：加速度计；自然贮存；变环境数据；环境因子；寿命评估
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0125-07
Varied environment data amendment and life assessment of a certain
type of accelerometer
WANG Yongnan1， MU Xihui2， NIU Yueting2， DU Fengpo2， CHEN Jianhua1
（1. Ordnance Engineering College，Shijiazhuang 050003，China；
2. Ordnance Engineering Institute，Shijiazhuang 050003，China）
Abstract: To improve the precision in the storage lifetime evaluation of a certain type of missile-borne accelerator under the condition of varying temperature testing data， a method using an Arrhenius model to determine environmental factors is proposed and applied to correct the data in consideration of that the performance degradation failure of the accelerator is influenced significantly by temperature and the testing data can be classified by multiple temperature gradients. First， minimum χ2 estimation and Pearson goodness of fit are used to determine the optimal distribution under the assumption that the testing data obeys the distribution. Second， model parameters are worked out under the optimal distribution according to temperature differences and to determine the most credible data set. Third， environmental factors are calculated by putting the model parameters into the Arrhenius model. Fourth， all the testing data are converted into the data set confirmed above through these environmental factors， and then all the testing data are corrected to predict the storage lifetime. The computed results show that the precision in life prediction is significantly improved by the method proposed above. It is proved that the method is feasible.
Keywords: accelerometer； natural storage； varied environment data； environmental factor； life evaluation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.028
基于PolyMAX方法的悬臂梁振动模态分析
向 玲， 鄢小安， 陈 涛
（华北电力大学机械工程系，河北 保定 071003）
摘 要：为分析某悬臂梁的振动模态，根据锤击法模态测试流程，利用PolyMAX方法对悬臂梁的传递函数进行模态参数估计和识别。利用有限元软件和欧拉梁理论仿真并计算该悬臂梁前五阶固有频率和振型。结果表明：对悬臂梁的实验分析结果和理论值、仿真值吻合良好，说明锤击法的模态实验可靠，为以后分析相似结构的模态提供参考。
关键词：锤击法；悬臂梁；模态分析；振型
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0132-04
Vibration modal analysis of cantilevered beam based on PloyMAX method
XIANG Ling， YAN Xiaoan， CHEN Tao
（School of Mechanical Engineering，North China Electric Power University，Baoding 071003，China）
Abstract: In order to analyze the vibration modes of a cantilever beam， the PolyMAX method of software LMS Test. Lab is used to estimate and identify the modal parameters in the transfer functions of the cantilever beam according to the testing process of hammering method. Finite element software and Euler beam theory are used to simulate and calculate the first 5-order natural frequency and modal shape of the cantilever beam. The analytical results agree well with the theoretical value and the simulation value. This indicates that the modal experiment with hammering method is successful and can provide a reference for later model analysis of similar structures.
Keywords: hammer exciting method； cantilevered beams； modal analysis； modal shape
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.029
用电信息采集终端可靠性试验研究
丁恒春1， 巨汉基1， 祝恩国2， 余 力3， 袁瑞铭1， 田海亭1， 杨怀庄3
（1. 国网冀北电力有限公司电力科学研究院，北京 100045； 2. 中国电力科学研究院，北京 100192；
3. 威胜集团质量中心，湖南 长沙 410205）
摘 要：为保证用电信息采集系统的长期稳定运行，根据采集终端的硬件构造和功能特点，研究采集终端可靠性特征量的预测方法。利用威布尔分布模型建立采集终端的寿命分布函数，通过开展温度湿度加速寿命试验获得60只样本在4种应力水平下的失效数据，观察到失效类型主要为通信失效和模拟量测量失效。基于Peck模型推导出正常使用条件下的采集终端可靠寿命估计值。利用开发的可靠性特征量预计软件，计算得到某型号集中器在可靠度要求为0.9时的可靠寿命约为6.6年，计算结果基本符合现场运行情况。
关键词：电气工程；加速寿命试验；威布尔分布；Peck模型；采集终端
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0136-04
Research on reliability experiment of electric energy data acquire terminal
DING Hengchun1， JU Hanji1， ZHU Enguo2， YU Li3， YUAN Ruiming1， TIAN Haiting1， YANG Huaizhuang3
（1. State Grid Jibei Electric Power Co.，Ltd.， Research Institute，Beijing 100045，China；
2. China Electric Power Research Institute，Beijing 100192，China；
3. Quality Centre of Wasion Group，Changsha 410205，China）
Abstract: Terminal reliability indexes need to be evaluated scientifically to ensure the long-term steady operation of the electric energy data acquisition system. A method to predict terminal reliability is proposed according to the hardware construction and functional characteristics of the terminal. The Weibull distribution function is used to model the life distribution of the terminal. The temperature and humidity constant-stress accelerated life test is carried out to attain the failure data of 60 samples at 4 different stress levels. It is observed that communication failure and analog measurement failure are made up of the main failure type. The reliability life under normal conditions is estimated with the Peck model. Reliability characteristic quantity prediction software is developed and the reliable life of this concentrator model is computed with the software to be about 6.6 years when the reliability is required to be 0.9. The calculation result is basically consistent with the actual result of field operation.
Keywords: electrical engineering； accelerated life test； Weibull distribution； Peck model； data acquire terminal
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.04.030
土壤特性对土壤源热泵系统影响测试分析
赵金秀
（唐山学院土木工程系，河北 唐山 063000）
摘 要：通过介绍土壤源热泵系统的工作原理，体现土壤源热泵系统的优势，指出土壤特性对土壤源热泵系统的重要性，给出土壤特性参数的测试方法，通过模拟测试土壤热导率和初始温度对土壤源热泵系统的影响，并运用实测验证土壤热导率和初始温度影响土壤源热泵系统的性能，为地源热泵系统在国内的推广应用提供一定的参考。
关键词：土壤源热泵系统；土壤特性；土壤热导率；土壤初始温度；测试分析
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）04-0140-05
Test analysis for the influence of soil characteristics to soil source heat pump system
ZHAO Jinxiu
（Department of Civil Engineering，Tangshan College，Tangshan 063000，China）
Abstract: This paper introduces the working principle of the soil source heat pump system， reflectes the advantages of the soil source heat pump system， pointes out the importance of soil characteristics to the soil source heat pump system， gaves out testing method of soil characteristic parameters， testes the effect of soil thermal conductivity and initial temperature on the soil source heat pump system by simulation， and the experimental results shows that the soil thermal conductivity and initial temperature affect the performance of the soil source heat pump system， Provides some useful reference for the popularization and application of soil source heat pump system in China.
Keywords: soil source heat pump； soil characteristics； soil thermal conductivity； soil initial temperature； test analysis
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